Next Generation DNA Sequencing Technologies Biology Essay

Motivation: Recent technological promotions in the field of genomics have resulted in Following Generation DNA Sequencing Technologies. These engineerings have created ballyhoo among scientists since they enable inexpensive and faster sequencing of the DNA as compared to traditional methods. Data Analysis, Genome sequencing and alliances have now become easier due to the NGS. NGS are deriving the market twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours and there is a ferocious competition amongst companies to capture the market of bioinformatics. Nevertheless, NGS does hold some mistake profiles ; yet they have managed to revolutionise the field of bioinformatics and the perceptual experience of scientists on research and genome sequencing.debutDeoxyribonucleic acid sequencing has gained much popularity since 1977 when the sequencing method of Maxam and Gilbert every bit good as the Sanger sequencing method came to visible radiation ( Hutchison III, 2007 ) . However, the Sanger sequencing engin eering was more widely accepted and has captured the market for the past 20 old ages ( Metzker, 2010 ) . The Sanger engineering besides known as the dideoxy method ( Casals et al. , 2011 ) , played a important function in decoding the whole genome sequence and harmonizing to Metzker ( 2010 ) this technique has contributed to a batch of major accomplishments, viz. the Human Genome Project amongst many others. Bateman & A ; Quackenbush ( 2009 ) even back up that the major milepost of the Human Genome Project was the coming of panoply of new engineerings that emerged from sequencing the first mention genome and engineerings that enabled the DNA sequencing instead than completing the sequencing of the whole genome. It is true that the dideoxy method has been around for rather some clip now, but due to its restrictions and the new technological promotions, novel and more robust engineerings known as the Following Generation Technologies have seen the visible radiation of the twenty-four hours. The Sanger engineering is classified as the first coevals engineering and the latest engineerings developed for sequencing genomes fall in the class of Following Generation Technologies ( Metzker, 2010 ) . The chief advantage of the Following Generation Sequencing Technology is the fact that the genome can be sequenced in analogue, therefore bring forthing a larger figure of reads as compared to the Sanger method and in a much shorter sum of clip ( Hutchison III, 2007 ) . The high efficiency of the newer engineerings consequences from the fact that they use the latest instruments like high declaration imagination and more efficient algorithms amongst others. In general, the Following Generation Technologies use shorter reads to fix the procedure of sequencing ( Hutchison III, 2007 ) ; nevertheless, this raises the inquiry of whether the assembly of the short single reads is accurate plenty to bring forth the right sequence. From a scientific point of position, a larger figure of reads implies a greater coverage across the genome and therefore histories for the good truth in the genome assembly of the Following Generation Technologies. Hutchison III ( 2007 ) agrees to the fact that this is one of the grounds behind the truth and celerity of the newer engineerings. However, the genome size is another parametric quantity that has to be taken into consideration since it plays an of import function in finding the coverage. Furthermore, another benefit of the Following Generation Technologies is the ability to sequence genomes at a lower cost since harmonizing to Mardis ( n.d ) ; the new engineerings are far cheaper. Despite being fresh in the market, the Following Generation Technologies have captured a just portion of the industry and are doing scientists to look at biological jobs in a different position ( Mardis, 2008 ) . In this reappraisal, a few chief commercial Next Generation Technologies are discussed and a comparing is made among them. A biological application utilizing the Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer is described and the challenges that conventional bioinformatics is confronting due to Following Generation Technologies are besides brought frontward.Following Generation DNA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIESRecently, there has been a major roar in commercially available package for genome sequencing. The most celebrated 1s are Roche, Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer, Applied Biosystems SOLiDTM System, Helicos HeliscopeTM and Pacific Biosciences SMRT ( Mardis, 2008 ) .Roche 454/ FLX pyrosequencerRoche 454 DNA sequenator was released in twelvemonth 2004 ( Mardis, 2008 ) .The first measure to sequence the DNA involves a library readying where the Deoxyribonucleic acid sample is fragmented into smaller pieces of approximately 400 to 600 base brace. After that, A and B adapters are attached to the Deoxyribo nucleic acid fragments which are so split into individual strands. The single strands now have A and B adapters attached to them. The DNA library fragments are placed upon really bantam agarose beads such that one bead relates to merely one DNA fragment ( Mardis, 2008 ) . PCR reactants and emulsion oil is added to the solution which is shaken smartly so that the Polymerase concatenation reaction can be initiated. The beads are normally isolated in single H2O micelles where the Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments get replicated bring forthing about one million transcripts of each DNA fragment per bead ( 454LifeSciences, n.d ) . The beads are so placed on a PicoTiterPlate which contains little Wellss ; one for each bead. The well is besides filled with gaining control beads which contain an enzyme which helps in the sequence by synthesis attack that Roche uses ( 454LifeSciences, n.d ) . Once this readying has been done, the PicoTiterPlate is loaded in the Roche 454 machine. After that, the 4 bases solutions are loaded in the machine and are washed over the home base consecutive in one sequencing tally. Once, the base starts to adhere with the DNA fragment, the enzyme in the bead detects the incorporation of the base and finally releases visible radiation ( Mardis, 2008 ) . This light signal is detected by a CCDA camera and is recorded on a flowgram. Normally, the sum of visible radiation produced is dependent on the figure of bases incorporated ( 454LifeSciences, n.d ) . Finally, a set of flowgrams is obtained and analysed to bring forth DNA sequences which are so mapped against a mention sequence for assembly.Illumina/Solexa Genome AnalyserIllumina sequencing can be broken down into three stairss. The initial measure starts with the library readying in which the Deoxyribonucleic acid sample is sheared into fragments of about 800 base braces and two specific arrange rs are ligated to each terminal of the fragments. The following stage is known as bunch coevals in which Illumina uses span elaboration PCR to bring forth multiple transcripts of the DNA. Illumina uses an 8 channel flow cell incorporating a immense sum of primers bounded to its surface. The individual stranded Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments are so bound at random in the surface of channels of the flow cell to make transcripts ( Staehling, 2008 ) . A series of unlabeled bases and enzymes are washed over the channels to get down the span elaboration procedure. The individual stranded fragments go dual isolated during the reaction and they are denatured to obtain individual isolated molecules. This rhythm is repeated legion times which ends in 1000000s of bunchs of DNA molecules found in the channels of the flow cell ( Staehling, 2008 ) . Once cluster coevals has completed, the bunch are now ready for sequencing, which is the last phase. The flow cell is so loaded in Illumina which se quences 1000000s of bunchs at the same time. In the first rhythm, fluorescently labeled bases are added and all of them compete to adhere to the templet. Once the incorporation takes topographic point, the remainder of the bases are removed and the bunchs are excited by a optical maser to acquire a image of the flow cell and observe the freshly incorporated base. This procedure is repeated several times. Base naming is used to place the bases in the sequence images as shown in Figure 1. A mention genome is besides used to ease sequencing and analysis ( Staehling, 2008 ) . Fig. . Stairss in Illumina Sequencing ( Goldstein, 2009 )Applied Biosystems SOLiDTM SystemApplied Biosystems DNA sequencing is divided into five stairss viz. sample readying, Emulsion PCR, Ligation, Imaging and Data Analysis severally. Two picks for sample readying are available viz. a fragment library or a mate-pair library. In both picks, the Deoxyribonucleic acid is sheared and arrangers are ligated to the fragments. A fragment library incorporates a individual piece of DNA fragment while a mate-pair library binds two pieces of DNA which are at a known distance in the sample. The libraries contain legion molecules and each molecule undergoes clonal elaboration under emulsion PCR. The sample is so enriched with magnetic beads which are so covalently bonded to a glass slide. Applied Biosystems provides the flexibleness to analyze one, four or eight samples per slide. The templet beads are so assorted with a cosmopolitan sequence primer, ligase and a batch of Di-base investigations. The latter are fluorescently labelled with four dyes. Each dye represents four of the 16 dinucleotide bases. The template sequence gets hybridised with the investigation and is ligated. Once fluorescence is measured, the dye is cleaved off go forthing a 3-5 premier phosphate for farther reaction. This procedure can be repeated n times to widen the read length which is usually 35 base brace ( Mardis, 2008 ) . The synthesised strand is removed and a new primer is formed which has a one base displacement and ligation rhythms are repeated. The primer reset procedure is repeated for 5 unit of ammunitions. Bar encryption and the decryption matrix is normally used to garner the sequenced informations for analysis ( Yutao et al. , 2008 ) .Heliscope TMHeliscope uses the individual molecular sequencing attack. The Deoxyribonucleic acid sample is cut in short lengths of about 100-200 base brace ( Wash & A ; Image, 2008 ) .A poly ( A ) priming cosmopolitan sequence is added to the 3 premier ter minal of each Deoxyribonucleic acid strand. Each strand is so attached to a fluorescent adenosine polynucleotide. The strands are so transferred onto the heliscope flow cell which contains many T gaining control sites that are spread on its surface. Each single DNA templet so hybridizes to the surface of the flow cell. The flow cell is loaded into the HeliscopeTM instrument and a optical maser enlightens its surface demoing the place of each fluorescently labelled templet. A CCDA camera is used to bring forth a map of the templets by taking multiple images of the flow cell in an organized manner. After imaging, the templet label is cleaved and washed off. Sequencing takes topographic point by adding DNA polymerase and any fluorescently labelled nucleotide to the flow cell. T gaining control sites service sequencing primers by the tSMS procedure ( Wash & A ; Image, 2008 ) . DNA polymerase speeds up the binding of the labeled bases to the set of primers harmonizing to the templet. A w ash up procedure removes the Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase and any boundless bases. The recent incorporation is so visualised by lighting and imaging the flow cell surface. The cleavage is so removed and the procedure is repeated in the same manner for all the staying bases until the desired read length is achieved. Sequencing informations is gathered with each new base add-on. Using the tSMS procedure, every strand is alone and sequenced independently ( Wash & A ; Image, 2008 ) .Pacific Biosciences SMRTPacific Biosciences uses the individual molecule attack in a existent clip manner, hence SMRT. First, the single bases are labeled with a different fluorescent coloring material which is attached to the terminal phosphate alternatively of the base of the base. This characteristic allows the DNA polymerase enzyme to split off the fluorescent label when a base is incorporated. The undermentioned procedure emits light which can be captured in a nano-photonic chamber known as the Zero Mode Waveguide ( Metzker, 2010 ) . Nucleotides flow in and out of the chamber of the ZMW and when DNA polymerase initiates the incorporation of a base, it takes several nanoseconds during which its fluorescent label is excited and the visible radiation emitted is captured by a sensor. After adhering, the label is cleaved away and it diffuses off. The whole procedure is repeated and the different explosion of visible radiations corresponds to different bases which are recorded and analysed by research workers ( Metzker, 2010 ) .Comparison of the platformsTable.Comparison of the Following Coevals Platforms The mentions [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] refers to ( Gupta et al. , 2010 ) and ( Metzker, 2010 ) severally. There are some disagreements between the two documents refering the throughput, run clip and read length. Metzker states that one of the advantages of Illumina is the fact that it is widely popular which does non represent a truly strong point.Biological ApplicationNGS Technologies can be used to happen the places of nucleosomes with regard to DNA which can be helpful to understand their function in the ordinance of written text ( Schones et al. , 2008 ) .Schones et Al. ( 2008 ) describes the experimental processs in different phases. The first measure involved the readying of the nucleosome solution. In this stage, CD4 + T cells were incubated with anti CD3 and anti CD28 so as to trip the cells for 18 hours. After that, the T cells were treated with MNASE to bring forth the mononucleosomes. Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments of about 150 base braces in length were obtained from the agarose gel and ligated to the Solexa flow cells. These were so sequenced utilizing the Illumina/Solexa Genome Sequencing machine. The following stage involved the analysis of all the informations being generated from the sequenator. Solexa grapevine analysis was the first one to be carried out where sequenced reads of 25 base brace was mapped to the human genome ( hg18 ) and merely the duplicate 1s were kept and others discarded. Nucleosome marking was facilitated since the sequenced reads acted as an input in the marking map to bring forth a nucleosome profile. This was achieved by utilizing a skiding window of about 10 base brace. The following measure involved sorting cistron sets and this was achieved utilizing microarray experiments. Polymerase II procrastinating analysis was carried out in an mRNA-level based attack so as to place which cistrons contained stalled, elongated or no Polymerase II. The sequence reads were so modelled as a Poisson distribution of the whole genome to descry the sliding window with Polymerase II. Each cistron set was so aligned so as to analyse the Transcription start site found near the cistrons. Nucleosome degrees specific to a nucleosome place were so quantified by utilizing aligned reads and window values. At the terminal of the experiments, the consequences found by the research workers stated the nucleosome place relation to DNA had a direct correlativity with written text ordinance affecting RNA polymerase II binding. Some of the experiments consequences can be depicted in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 severally. Fig. . Maping Nucleosome Positions by the Solexa Sequencing Technique ( Schones et al. , 2008 ) Fig. . Nucleosome phasing environing TSSs ( Schones et al. , 2008 ) Fig. Nucleosome Phasing near TSSs Is Correlated with Pol II Binding ( Schones et al. , 2008 )ChallengeFollowing coevals sequencing engineerings have so created a revolution refering DNA sequencing and has opened the doors to a new field which is really different from that of traditional sequencing methods. There is a ferocious competition between companies to bring forth up to day of the month, fast and dependable sequencing methods. However, despite all the advantages that NGS brought along, they still pose several challenges to the field of bioinformatics.Data DelugeFollowing Generation sequencing engineerings are taking at bring forthing immense sum of informations and at a lower monetary value ( Kircher & A ; Kelso, 2010 ) . In fact, it is even possible to contemplate the option of sequencing the whole genome of an being at merely $ 1000 in the close hereafter ( Pareek et al. , 2011 ) . All these new sequencing informations seems truly appealing at one terminal but considered sig nifier another point of position, it might go debatable in the long tally. The mere fact of cut downing the cost of sequencing or sequencing engineerings implies that sequencing will be easy accessible. This implies that, any research lab or even people at place would be able to sequence genomes. In this current epoch itself, information handling is rather boring with all the databases holding portion of the information and some non holding them at all. New organisational ways and protocols will hold to be defined to guarantee that there exists a consensus between all the information that will come pouring into the databases. Optimized filters will be needed to distinguish between debris informations, duplicated informations and equal informations. Even new databases or information warehouses will hold to be built to guarantee none of the information is wasted and everything has been kept in a standardized format.ResourcesThe fact that NGS is traveling at such a immense gait raises the inquiry of whether the current province of hardware and package will be able to manage the burden of information that it will be bring forthing. Fig. Historical tendencies in storage monetary values versus DNA sequencing costs ( Stein, 2010 ) The graph in Figure 4 denotes the rate at which the cost of DNA sequencing per $ is increasing every bit compared to that of the difficult disc storage. It can besides be seen that the NGS causes a immense displacement in the sum of informations per $ and even by-passing the rate of disc storage. This information is cardinal because it shows that disc infinite or storage of high throughput informations might go debatable in the close hereafter. More processing power and RAM will hold to be allocated to the NGS applications for them to run swimmingly. Cloud computer science can be a solution to this peculiar issue but it depends on the sum of information that is generated every bit good. If cloud computer science is brought in the image, so new algorithms and parallel computer science will hold to be implemented to manage this job.Huge assortment, less consensusNowadays, there is a broad assortment of commercially available NGS engineerings. However, there is no consensus about the re ad length, throughput or runtime of the bundles which can be demonstrated by Table 1. Choosing which bundle is optimum for sequence alliance sometimes go really boring since the truth of each is non definite and standardized. Developing even newer engineerings can make more havoc about truth, therefore the demand for standardisation foremost.DecisionNGS engineerings have provided a batch of installations in footings of Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing to the life scientists. When compared to the Sanger sequencing, NGS engineerings sequencing is much cheaper and faster. Nevertheless, Sanger sequencing remains one of the basic pillars of DNA sequencing since the mistake rates and profiles are much less as compared to that of NGS engineerings ( Kircher & A ; Kelso, 2010 ) . Equally long as the genome will stay a enigma to the scientists, the coming of following coevals engineerings will go on in order to decode the familial codification.

Case study ‘Elite Hotel’ Essay

INTRODUCTION: In this case, the operating environment for Elite Hotel run in Azerbaijan is like that it is a newly independent republic country which formerly part of the Soviet Union and situated between Iran and Turkey. It is a lowly economic developed country but recently Western oil companies are looking for inward investment in the development of its oil and gas industry in this country. Therefore, there are plenty number of clients for the hotel and the local hotel can’t service these high level clientele. Thus it is worth to open an Elite Hotel in Azerbaijan. The hotel industry heavily utilizes labor for its daily operations. It is people-centric and thus HR practices are crucial to organizational success. Coupled with new regulations on labor, the hotel industry is a useful example to learn from, due to its high dependency on manpower. This answer aims to solve some of the key issues faced by the industry and specifically Elite Hotel, through which insights are derived from Elite Ho tel’s HRM strategies. THE MACRO OPERATING ENVIRONMENT: LOCATION: The hotel will locate at the capital city Baku in Azerbaijan. This city has a cosmopolitan reputation in an overtly Muslim country which can be defined as a traditional male dominance society. Therefore, the hotel needs to take care and show the respect to the local culture. Moreover, this city often loss its power such as gas, water, electricity during daily living. In order to maintain the high quality service and seeking to expand, the hotel need to solve this power issue at first. 2. DOMESTIC LABOR MARKET AND EVOLVING EXPECTATIONS According to the Trading Economics (2014), Azerbaijan has a high rate of unemployment at 5.2% in 2013. Hence, there are lots of well-educated people willing to do any kinds of jobs. Due to the strong competition for labor, hotels face difficulties in recruitment and retention, especially when hotel jobs are viewed as a high level wage payment. Therefore, to hire the local employees, the hotel must consider very carefully. Furthermore, this country also enforced a curfew, so if the hotel is seeking to expand, they must obey the laws and consider about the risk about the political instability. HR CHALLENGES: 1. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT The issue of productivity has never been more pertinent than now. Elite Hotel will have to enhance productivity from a smaller pool of labor without compromising on service quality due to challenges in employment. Training therefore is needed to boost productivity and standards of service to meet customers’ expectations. In departments with peak and trough periods, training can be mixed- the waiters in the F&B Division can be trained as lobby hosts or even wine sommeliers. Another problem is that the employee may not be reluctant to be training and spend off-work hours on job-related  tasks (i.e. lessons) THE IMPORTANCE OF KEY HIRES The importance of the first one or two hires is also a challenge. ‘I have long endorsed and applied the approach of finding the one or two key candidates. These are leaders who are respected in their present positions in the market, or who may have previously worked there, relocated for career opportunities or unrelated personal reasons in another market and who may desire to return or are willing to return for the ‘right’ opportunity’, according to Owen Dorsey(2011). 3. LOCAL VS. EXPAT Some local candidates should be recruited since hotel may be influenced by its ownership structure which includes political or governmental factors geographically. Increasing governmental pressures have been witnessed to create more jobs for local people so as to eliminate the dependence on foreign employees. In this case, Elite Hotel is planning to employs a total of 300 full-time staff across 7 departments for locals are cheaper than their foreign counterparts. It is good news to the hotel owners and also forces hotel management companies to think carefully when staffing a hotel. As Tim Williams (2013) addressed, â€Å"Do not hire expats as Resident Manager, Rooms or F&B Director unless you think they have the potential to push through to GM.† 4. THE WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT Elite Hotel faces other HR challenge pertaining to the local culture workplace environment and because of the culture in Azerbaijan is a traditional male dominance society. Therefore, how to balance the relationship between female and male employees is very important. Q2. WHAT STEPS COULD BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT THE COMPANY MEETS THESE  CHALLENGES AND WHAT PEOPLE CAN THE COMPANY DRAW ON TO UNDERTAKE THESE TASKS? 1. EVALUATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT It is of vital importance to ensure that employees are provided with knowledge and skills which aims to achieve a high standard of customer service. Elite Hotel needs to examine its 1) Training Needs Assessment, 2) Training Design and 3) Training Delivery. Under assessment of training needs, it is crucial to identify the training objectives and priorities – what KSAs (Knowledge, Skill and Ability) are needed in which department? How will task-specific KSAs evolve in the future as job descriptions change? In tackling the problem of unreceptiveness, Elite Hotel should focus on Training Design by analyzing Learning Readiness, Learning Styles and Learning Transfer, these which will eventually lead to effective learning. Managers need to find ways to boost their employees’ self – efficacy and motivation to learn before effective learning can occur. As part of job-site learning, Elite Hotel can introduce job rotations. This broadens one’s experiences and knowledge of overall hotel operations. E.g. in the Front Office Department, an employee can be rotated to the roles of concierge, front desk, porter. This is effective in teaching employees the technicalities of various roles, and in the event of manpower shortage, productivity will not be compromised. However, an employee might also be rotated away from a position that he excels in, resulting in underperformance in the new position. To mitigate this, Elite Hotel has to ensure that managers know the strengths and weaknesses of their staff. This aligns with its belief to â€Å"spend more time on people, educate them, counsel them [and] invest in our people†. 2. EVALUATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF KEY HIRES In this case, if the Elite Hotel wants to set up a new hotel of international five-star quality, they have to look for experts to improve their network. Hiring an experienced GM or HR Director in the market would be the decisive factor especially when they are in place the whole thing unlocks. After  their join, the hotel could take advantage of their network to find out who they have worked with, who impressed them. That’s to say, the hotel may find potential clients. Nowadays typically a new brand in a new market may establish an executive committee which includes half internal hires and half external from the local market respectively. 3. EVALUATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR LOCAL VS. EXPAT With a very limited hotel supply, now the owners of hotel have to concentrate more on training. Michael Farrell, an Elite Hotel senior manager, argue that in some markets we are entering there is no local talent full stop, so we have to develop it. We put in a General Manager and HR Director with very strong training focus and put a lot into people development. Over time we can then export and develop that local talent further in our older hotels back in Europe so that they eventually return back home with a raft of best practices to share.† 4. EVALUATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT Enforcing that only the English language is spoken during work hours can address part of this problem. Elite Hotel also needs to manage relationships with NTUC, especially when active union members try to lobby for increased welfare and in particular, increased salaries. The hotel mavens, say, HR, need to study in the latest legislation and regulations, for instance, Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, Trade Unions Act and Work Injury Compensation Act etc. Moreover they have to keep learning professional knowledge through programs, courses and seminars. REFERENCE LIST: Trading Economics, 2014, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/azerbaijan/unemployment-rate Owen Dorsey. 2011, Tourism student perceptions of a travel agency career. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1 (4), 295 – 312.

Bob Marley's Weapon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bob Marley's Weapon - Essay Example Miller provides a very apt interpretation of this real 'weapon' of Marley which also indicates his political and revolutionary concerns. "Bob Marley often used to say, 'My guitar is my weapon.' What he meant, of course, was that he could make more of a statement about the futility of oppression and violence with his revolutionary reggae music than he ever could by fighting or organizing physical uprisings." (Miller) Through the strength of his music, Marley was able to influence the political and cultural transformation of his land and he was aware from his childhood that race was culture. The great political and revolutionary concerns of the musician were enlarged by the power of his music and through the medium of his guitar he achieved international acclaim for the same concerns. The most influencing elements in the musical and political ideologies of this renowned musician were race and culture.

Film report Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film report - Movie Review Example ies of recordings of the interviews given by the various American Indians connected to the crime and Peltier, the film ‘allows’ the audience to make up their mind regarding whether Peltier is the real culprit or not. The interviews are inter cut with video shots of the landscape of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, where the crime takes place, as well as other video footages and the photos related to the issue. The film documents the killing of the FBI agents, Jack R. Coler and Ronald A. Williams in an Indian Reservation in South Dakota in 1975, by providing various perspectives. However, the perspective of FBI is not included as their representatives refused to give interview to the makers. The film starts of by depicting the tough and abysmal living conditions that existed, in the Pine Ridge Reservation. â€Å"Pine Ridge was probably one of the poorest reservations of the United States.† (â€Å"Incident at Oglala†). After those initial scenes, the film picks up stem by throwing more light on the background of the issue, as well as on the real stand-offs and the confrontations that took place between the AIM members (American Indian Movement) and the government authorities. Then, the film jumps directly into the crux of the matter. It uses witnesses and other experts to tell their version of events that took place on the day of the shootout. During these eyewitness accounts only, the doubts begun to surface in the minds of the viewers, whether Peltier truly committed the crime. Although, many American Indians were accused in the murder of the FBI agents, all of them were acquitted, with only Peltier being made the ‘scapegoat’. That is, as can be gleaned from the witness accounts, when the FBI agents entered the compound wall, many individuals started firing on them and killed them. Peltier admitted to being a part in that gunfire confrontation with the agents, but denied the charge of killing the agents with his bullets. As mentioned above,

Biography of the Austrian Artist and Symbolist Gustav Klimt Essay

Biography of the Austrian Artist and Symbolist Gustav Klimt - Essay Example Here he sharpened his artistic skills following in the footsteps of his mentor and favorite artist, Han Makart. After graduating from the school in 1883, Gustav worked jointly with his brother Ernst and Franz Matsch a co-student. They opened a studio where they displayed art from other artists such as Laufberger’s graffiti designs for the Art Historical Museum. In 1886 they received a prize for their design for the decoration of the staircases of Burgtheater2. The painting depicted who’s who in ordinary life in Vienne. Soon after their career kicked off they separated and went separate ways. Gustav’s first professional job was when he was asked to make a painting of Ringstrasse. At this time Vienna was in the Ringstrasse Era a period when the city was undergoing great change3. The Vienna city was built as one massive ring, and arts were being patronized as never before by the bourgeois class. The city was entering an age of industrialization, science and research . However, it still lacked a revolutionary spirit to the arts. In1883he received a nomination for the professor at Vienna Academy but he was rejected. 1888 saw Klimt receive the award for Golden Order of the Merit from Emperor Franz Joseph 1 of his native country. He then became an honorary member of University of Vienna and University of Munich both of which he never attended. This was in recognition of his art projects within and around Vienna. Four years later his brother Ernst and his father died and it is not clear whether these deaths were the main cause for his new rebellious and experimental style of art or his earlier rejection to the professorship at the Academy of Fine Arts by the Ministry of Culture. Since then his art changed. Gustav replaced his earlier classical iconography and replaced it with strong sensual themes. This was first depicted in his painting of 1894when he was appointed to paint some portraits to hang in the dome of University of Vienna.

Did the British win the Boer War only to lose the peace Essay

Did the British win the Boer War only to lose the peace - Essay Example This paper will show how Britain’s victory in the Boer War robbed Britain peace. The first 1880-1881 Boer War, which has as well been entitled as the Transvaal Revolt, was against the 1877 British annexation (Lamband 2005) and (Thompson 1960). The 2nd Boer War ‘Tweede Boereoorlog’,‘ Afrikaans: Tweede Vryheidsoorlog’, or ‘Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog’was battled from October 11 1899 until May 31 1902 amid the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch-settlers and the British Empire of two self-governing Boer republics, the Orange Free Nation and the Transvaal Republic (South African Republic) (Pakenham 1991) and (Porter 1980). The war concluded with a victory for British and the British Empire annexed both states; both republics would finally be merged into the South African Union, a British Empire territory, in 1910 (Lamband 2005). The main root of the conflict was the political ideologies differences between the Boers and the British (Pakenham 1991) and (P orter 1980). The British imperial pursued a confederacy of the entire South Africa beneath the British emblem (Porter 1980). The Boers who lived in the two main nations namely the Orange Free State and the South African Republic tried to uphold their nationality (Pakenham 1991), (Lamband 2005) and (Schreuder1980). The two states presence, therefore, functioned as an obstruction for the unification idea of British. This hindrance of political ideology differences was more compounded with the gold discovery gold upon the Witwatersrand within the South African State (Pakenham 1991). The discovery of gold attracted thousands miners and prospectors from around the globe to the gold fields with one aim in mind - to pursue their treasure. The South African Republican inhabitants saw the new arrivals (Uitlanders) as a danger to their ongoing sovereignty (Porter 1980).The Kruger administration (of the South African Republic), consequently, placed limitations upon the Uitlander's license for Volksraad and presidential elections (judicial assembly/ Boers’ legislature) to naturalized inhabitants who had lived in the nation for 14 years (Pakenham 1991), (Lamband 2005) and (Schreuder 1980). Although relatively a small number of newcomers were sincerely concerned on the franchise issue, this turned into a crucial issue amid the British regime and the South African Republican government (Lamb and 2005) and (Thompson1960). In 1835 to 1845, around 15,000 Voortrekkers (populaces of Dutch-extract) shifted out of the Cape Colony (British) through the Gariep-Orange River to the central of South Africa (Thompson 1960). Voortrekkers’ Great Trek was a refutation of the Britain’s philanthropic guidelines with its white and black equalization at the Cape Colony as well as the political sidelining they underwent on the eastern-Cape border (Pakenham 1991) and (Thompson 1960). They founded two independent nations - the Orange Free State and the Transvaal - as acknowled ged by Great-Britain in 1852, at the Sand River as well as 1854 Bloemfontein Treaties (Porter 1980), (Lamband 2005) and (Schreuder 1980).The republicans attained the title 'Boers', the ‘Dutch and Afrikaans’ expression for farmers. Similar to many African societies in their frontiers, the stock ranching Boers relished a pre-industrialist, near-subsistence economy. Just gradually effectual state

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article Critique - Essay Example The central attributes of this disposable literature, such as portability, inexpensiveness, simplicity, anonymity, especially its powerful role in the political and commercial spheres, make it indispensable in the contemporary period. In order to clearly explain his thesis, the author structured the discussion in a chronological manner, beginning from the history of disposable literature, particularly as regards the role it played in earlier political and commercial organizations, to the current uses of disposable literature, particularly its attributes that contribute to its eternal existence. Summary It is a common assumption that technological advances will replace traditional practices. Human history has witnessed how technology evolved from simple to complex. One of the most revolutionary technology advances is the digital media. It tremendously expanded the reaches of business, political organizations, nonprofit groups, advocacy campaigns, and so on (Gomez 13). It made possible worldwide communications. The author discusses how the digital revolution, which is significantly affecting traditional print media, has paradoxically strengthened the value of disposable literature to the contemporary period. ... The author analyzes both the dictionary definitions and the subjective meanings assigned to this form of print communication. What the author discovers is that the definitions are somewhat similar to one another, especially in terms of their uses: to disseminate information in a cheap, but effective manner. Flyers, leaflets, and pamphlets were used by different political organizations to inform the people about their programs, ideologies, and upcoming activities. Because of the inexpensiveness of this form of print communication, different types of organizations were able to reach as many audiences as possible, even without the help of electronic media. The author afterwards talks about the major characteristics of disposable literature that facilitated its durability. He sums up the power of print communication in this way: â€Å"Print offers a one-way medium and an individual, solitary experience for the reader, even if a message is intended to exert an effect on a group or a gran d scale, as it communicates the message(s) of the individual, group or organization that has produced it† (Pimlott 520). In short, this disposable literature creates an individualized experience, as though it is talking purposefully with the individual sentiments of its readers. He also includes an analysis of the other key attributes of disposable literature, such as â€Å"portability, anonymity (and extra-legality), cost, simplicity and accessibility of and speed in production and distribution† (Pimlott 527). Due to the durability of ephemeral print media forms, the author suggests greater focus on disposable literature, particularly with regard to their strength as

NEW VENTURE CREATION -- business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

NEW VENTURE CREATION -- business plan - Essay Example ation of business ideas making an analysis of uniqueness of product, analyzing its sale growth, customer availability, and products and services availability is crucial; and this can be made possible by conducting situational analysis. This report aims to conduct feasibility analysis for a Marvelous Hair Salon and to analyze that either the concept is marketable and valid, does the idea proves the marketability and visibility, should the salon take a start, will the project be according to the budget, quality and schedule, and are the goals of the business will be attainable in creative and consistent manners (Kaiser, 2008). In order to achieve this objective, a report has been divided into five sections. The First section gives the general description of the business with its vision and mission; second section consists of the description of products and services and unique selling point. In the third section, detailed market analysis has been performed. Fourth section is based on the market plan that discuss the tactics to get the product and services to customers and to attract customers. The Fifth section is based on financial implications. Businesses can take place in the market through making alliances, joint ventures, and partnerships (Trost, 2013; Miller and Cross, 2013). Marvelous Hair Salon is a small start-up business that will be initiated by making partnership. Salon will provide all hair related treatments, and the focus of business would be particularly on hair related treatments from cutting and styling to hair transplantation. A good vision statement is written as a future state and mission statement is a guide to company (Shattock 2010; Castleberry 2010; Knapp, 2013) Provide memorable and unique experience for the mission to be constant provider of fresh ideas and styles through keeping up the salon’s partners (employees) with current trends and educating them best practices; all is to exceed the expectations by maintain the highest standards

Project management - Answering the case study Question Essay

Project management - Answering the case study Question - Essay Example The cost of each Windows 2000 workstation is $3000, where as that of Windows 2000 server is $12,000. The term labor cost refers to the cost that the employers incur in hiring incremental unit if labor. The labor cost is used for various purposes like judging the various cost levels of different labor classes (Triplett, 1983, p.4). It has been assumed that each one puts in 40 hrs per week, as per the problem. The rest of the data has been collected from the exhibit 7 & 8 of the case study. Number of hours was calculated by dividing the no. of days with 7(since there are 7 days in a week) and multiplying with 40. The critical path method is one of the several management techniques during a project planning. A project generally is made up of a number of individual activities. These activities can be divided into further activities while handling a complex web of activities. The CP model helps us to determine that how long a complex project might take for its successful completion. It also helps to identify the activities that are ‘critical’, which implies that the tasks that are important to be finished on time otherwise the project can be delayed. The tool also helps to determine whether one needs to speed up the project and for doing so which a cost effective way. This can be achieved by feeding in the data of cost of each activity and the cost of speeding up the activity in the critical path method. (Samuel L. Baker, para 1-3). According to Hiemstra (2000), the critical path analysis is logical sequence of the series of activities of a project in such a way that the most efficient route is determined. The tool helps in time management and helps the managers with sufficient information to take decisions regarding the project plan (para. 2). Planning is an important component of every project. Risk factors are always associated with project sing technology. These risks can be classified as schedule overruns, change in the technology and its

Texting with shortcut Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Texting with shortcut - Essay Example Young individuals have developed various acronyms or shortcuts for the purpose of text messaging. They have a shortcut for almost even word in the English dictionary in order to use them in their text messages. For example: they use â€Å"143† in order to refer to the phrase â€Å"I love you† and they use the shortcut â€Å"lol† to refer to â€Å"laugh out loud† (Cennamo 258). They assert that the use of shortcuts, alternative words, and symbols is very convenient since it delivers relevant message in a brief and concise manner. Moreover, texting with shortcut enables users to convey their message without having to stop whatever they were doing. This allows the users to address other tasks and emergencies. The mobility of this idea equally enables users to communicate from any location with access to mobile phone signals. Texting with shortcut defines a unique identity adopted by the young generation for socialization purposes (Telegraph Media Group Limite d 1). The availability of technological devices like smartphones has made it possible for the young and old to access and use texting with shortcut. As such, texting with shortcut has become the most prominent mode of communication between friends, colleagues, and family members. The proponents of this idea note claim that it has played an important role in restoring the significance of writing. Subject to its prominence and merits, some companies are using texting with shortcut for advertisements. Texting with shortcuts is a behavior that should be discouraged by teachers, parents as well as students because it disrupts the formal way of writing, it decreases a student’s ability to express themselves and even decreases the quality of communication that takes place between different individuals. However, many people including me are against the idea of texting with shortcut especially among the young generation that are students. Despite the perceived

Cell bio lab report Essay Example for Free

Cell bio lab report Essay Purpose: During this experiment we compared the hemagglutination reaction of control Con A solution at 2 mg/ml in Con A buffer with the hemagglutination reaction of your own purified Con A sample that you diluted previously at 2 mg/ml in Con A buffer. The purpose of this lab was to determine the strength of the reaction by performing serial dilutions on both the Con A sample and the control Con A sample, and determine through observations whether or not addition of galactose or mannose will inhibit this reaction. I hypothesize that the Con A + galactose solutions will have partial agglutination and partial no agglutination, and the Con A + mannose solutions will have all no agglutination. Results: Rows A and B had half agglutination and half no agglutination, while row C had all no agglutination. Row D had half agglutination and half partial agglutination, while row E had 4 columns with agglutination and 8 columns with no agglutination. Row F had complete agglutination throughout. Con A reaction plate (Row/Column) Reaction A1-A6 (Control) Agglutination/inhibited A7-A12 (Control) No Agglutination/not inhibited B1-B6 (Con A + galactose) Agglutination/inhibited B7-B12 (Con A + galactose) No Agglutination/not inhibited C1-C12 (Con A + mannose) No Agglutination/not inhibited D1-D5 (Sample) Agglutination/inhibited D6-D12 (Sample) Partial agglutination/inhibited E1-E4 (Con A + galactose) Agglutination/inhibited E5-E12 (Con A + galactose) No Agglutination/not inhibited F1-F12 (Con A + mannose) No agglutination/not inhibited G1-G12 ((-)Control) Partial agglutination/inhibited H1-H12 (RBCs) Partial agglutination/inhibited Discussion: My hypothesis was proven correct, the Con A + galactose solutions did have partial agglutination and partial no agglutination, and the Con A + mannose solutions did have all no agglutination. This means that in the Con A + galactose solutions the ones that had agglutination the red cells aggregated with the lectin and sediment in the form of a uniform layer that covered the whole bottom of the well including the slopes, and in the Con A + mannose solutions the ones that failed to have agglutination take place covered only part of the bottom. We found through this experiment that the control Con A sample and the Con A sample had very similar strengths of reaction. Conclusion: In this experiment through serial dilutions on a 96 well plate we determined the strength of the each reaction on both the Con A sample and the control sample. We found through our experiment that the addition of galactose or mannose will partially inhibit or inhibit the reaction between our Con A sample and control Con A sample.

Supply and Demand of the Rubber market

Supply and Demand of the Rubber market 2.0 Introduction Natural rubber product such as raw rubber and hevea wood products are kinds of world bulk industrial raw material; they are scare, deficient and strategic resource important for national defense and industrial construction. Due to the shortage of rubber supply and climate changes in the rubber-producing countries, supply resource of natural rubber has been decreasing annually and it makes global market suffering from significantly high price of the rubber (Hanim Adnan 2011). The insufficient supply of the natural rubber has bought various issues to the rubber market and it has brought contribution to the economics of Malaysia. Therefore, relevant economic theories will be used to discuss in the natural rubber issues. This report will examine in the concepts of demand, supply, shortages, market equilibrium, and elasticity. Besides, well labeled diagrams will be including in the later paragraph to explain the whole concepts. 3.0 Analysis 3.1 Demand The effects of shift in demand on rubber market Figure 1.1 D0 D1 S0 P1 P0 Q0 Q1 Quantity Price Demand can be defined as An economic measure, which shows an unlimited desire, as well as the ability to buy for a products or services (Demand 2011). According to the executive officer of glove manufacturer Careplus Group Bhd Lim Kwee Shyan, demand surged because of making medical rubber gloves due to growing hygiene awareness following the H1N1 pandemic. Therefore, it has become an essential product for the healthcare industry (Kian Seong 2010). Besides, there is a strong demand for tyres from China and India of the automobile sector (Prices to Stay High on Ongoing Tight supply 2011). Hence, ceteris paribus, there is a high demand to the natural rubber especially when the increase of population and the healthcare awareness has elevated. From Figure 1.1, it shows the effects of shift in demand on rubber market. Furthermore, the number of buyer is a non-price determinant, when the buyers increase the quantity of a product they want to buy at a given price; it makes the market demand curve shift to rightward from D0 to D1 in the Figure 1.1. Therefore, new equilibrium price and the quantity demand increase from P0 to P1 and Q0 to Q1, respectively. 3.2 Supply Supply can be described as The total amount of a product or service available for the customer to purchase at a given price (Supply 2011). Figure 1.2 D0 S0 S1 The effects of shift in supply on Rubber market Quantity Price P1 P0 Q1 Q0 The extreme and changeable weather of Malaysia and the issues of global warming will affect latex flow and reduce the supply of the rubber. For example the higher temperature in the morning and unpredictable natural disaster which are detrimental to the rubber trees (Admin 2011). Malaysia now was facing the shortage of rubber clones due to the changeable weather and over-tapping the rubber trees which raise the problem of supply shortage (Jack 2011). Expectation of producers is a non-price factor so it shifts the supply curve to the leftward from S0 to S1. However, the quantity of rubber supplied decrease from Q0 to Q1 because of weather problem and unable to produce at given output, resulting in increase price of rubber from P0 to P1 shown in Figure 1.2. 3.3 Shortage Figure 2.1 Shortage Q Q1 Q Quantity The Effects of shift in demand on rubber market Price Pn P0 E D1 S0 D0 Figure 2.1 Shortage Q Q1 Q Quantity Price Pn P0 E D1 S0 D0 The Effects of shift in demand on rubber market There is excess demand and the supply for the natural rubber is limited, it brings the resulting of shortage which has consequently led to price increase in the Malaysia since 2008 (World rubber supply tight, but price outlook bullish 2010). From Figure 2.1, at P0, as demand shifts from D0 to D1, it shows the demand has increase and the equilibrium price has move from P0 to Pn shows that the quantity of supply also increase. However, in the Figure 2.2, the supply shifts from S0 to S1, which means decrease in supply and the equilibrium price has increase from P0 to Pn and decrease in quantity demanded. As a conclusion, through Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2, both of them showed a shortage which is the shaded region where the quantity demanded (Q1) exceeds quantity supplied (Q0). Besides, an upward pressure fall on the price of rubber due to the shortage and when the price is at Pn resulting a new equilibrium, point E and the quantity demanded is at Q1, as shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2. 3.4 Market Equilibrium Changes in Equilibrium Equilibrium described as in a market occurs when the price balances the plans of buyers and sellers (Hubbard, 2009). Bernama stated that the prices of natural rubber will continuously rise in this year but the output of the natural rubber in February has drop if compare to January whereas the demand increase in world markets (February Rubber Output down 15.8 Per Cent 2011). Figure 3.1 S1 S D D1 P1 P0 Q Quantity Price Supply Demand for Rubber market In the change in equilibrium, there is increase in Demand and decrease in supply. There Therefore, the demand curve shift rightward from D to D1 and supply curve shift leftward from S to S1, as shown in Figure 3.1. The new equilibrium price increase and move from P0 to P1. But there is no change in Quantity. The equilibrium price rise up but quantity is indeterminate. 3.5 Subsidy Smallholders can 5.0 Reference Lists Adnan, Hanim. 2011. Right time for renewed interest in rubber sector. The Star.http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/4/5/business/8412507sec=busi ness (Accessed April 1, 2011). Demand. 2011. Investor Glossary. http://www.investorglossary.com/demand.htm (Accessed April 1). .Kian Seong, Lee. 2011.Careplus gains 4 sen premium on ACE Market debut. The Star. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?sec=businessfile=/2010/12/7/business/756724 2 (Accessed April 2, 2011). Supply. 2011. Business Dictionary.com. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/supply.html (Accessed April 2, 2011). Admin. 2011. Global warming threat to natural rubber. Srilankan rubber Industry. http://slrubberindustry.com/2011/01/19/global-warming-threat-to-natural-rubber/ (Accessed April 2, 2011) Jack Wong. 2011. Rubber board unveils planting scheme. The Star. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/3/29/business/8364614sec=business (Accessed April 2). World rubber supply tight, but price outlook bullish. 2010. Bloomberg. http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/global-outlook-for-rubber-supplies-are-bullish-2010- 02-12 (Accessed April 3, 2011). February Rubber Output Down 15.8 Per Cent. 2011. Bernama. http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsbusiness.php?id=578466 (Accessed April 12, 2011)

The Disorders Of Homeostasis Health And Social Care Essay

The Disorders Of Homeostasis Health And Social Care Essay This assignment will discuss the changes of normal  social,  physical, biochemical and physiological  functions of a disease process of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is a term used for a number of conditions; including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD leads to damaged airways in the lungs, causing them to become narrower and making it harder for air to get in and out of the lungs. The word chronic means that the problem is long-term. COPD is a condition which mainly affects people over the age of 40, and COPD has a higher prevalence occurring among women than men (NHS-Choices, 2008). COPD is also a condition that is long term and incurable that can have a serious affects on health and quality of life, its not fully understood why COPD develops. (Marieb, 2003). The student will also incorporate local and national health and social policies, including frameworks that are in place in relation to the patients illness. The student identified a patient named Mrs J. She was admitted to hospital due to exacerbation of COPD. Her primary diagnosis is Osteoarthritis of the Hip but also had symptoms of emphysema. Mrs J is a 55 year old woman and is married, Mrs J also has an older child of 34 whom she has become quite dependant on and felt like she had impacted on her childs life and had become a hindrances. Mrs J has become more breathless as her condition develops over time and more so while she was lying in bed unable to carry out her daily activities such as doing the housework, leisure activities, also looking after her appearance as she normally would have done at home . COPD is becoming one of the fastest leading causes of disability (NHS choices, 2008). According to British Lung Foundation, (2010) a recent survey, 83% of COPD patients said their COPD slows them down, 79% said they had to cut down their activities and 56% said their condition has a great affect on their families. COPD is the most common respiratory conditions in adults in the developed world and poses an enormous burden to society both in terms of direct cost to the healthcare services and indirect costs to society through loss of productivity. Recent analysis estimated that National Health Service (NHS) spends  £818 million annually in the United Kingdom (UK). (British Thoracic Society, 2006). However 50% of the cost is accounted for by poorly managed exacerbations resulting in frequent re-admissions to hospital (Coakley Ruston, 2001). COPD is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lungs that causes the respiratory passages to be swollen and irritated, increases the mucus production and damaging the lungs. (Marieb, 2003). COPD develops when irritants are breathed into the airway and down the bronchial tubes. Normally, oxygen is passed through the bronchioles into the alveoli, tiny hollow sack-like structures in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed in to the bloodstream. When air is mixed with smoke or irritants, it will damage the lungs and the ability to take enough oxygen in (NHS-Choices, 2008). Mrs J condition would of been triggered by her heavy smoking, the toxins from her cigarettes has made her bronchioles (airway and lungs) become inflamed and narrowing the airway, this will lead to irreversible damage to the respiratory system by obstructing the bronchial airflow and hindering gaseous exchange within the alveoli (Munden, J, 2007). Mrs J suffers from many symptoms due to her smoking these include shortness of breath, a persistent cough, yellowish green sputum, signs of cyanosis to her lips, also Mrs J has continued to smoke as she thinks the damage has already been done so her condition. The vast majority of COPD patients are smokers. By stopping smoking patients can slow the rate of decline in lung function and thus improve the patients prospects in terms of symptoms and survival. The NICE guidance recommends that short-acting bronchodilators should be used for the initial treatment for breathlessness and exercise limitation and goes on to say that, if this isnt having an effect then the treatment should be intensified using either a long-acting bronchodilator or a combined therapy with a short acting beta2-agonist and a short-acting anticholinergic. The respiratory system is the major part for gases exchange to take place, it allows takes the air that enters are bodies when we inhale and travels through the respiratory system, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide and expels carbon dioxide when we exhale (munden, J, 2007). Mrs J has been smoking now for 45 years and on an average day having up to 40 cigarettes a day and is not prepared to quit as she feels the damage is already done. Mrs J smokes for comfort and feels that its all for her pleasure, she has become very isolated, her chronic bronchitis makes her breathless when doing actives and is not able to do her daily activities therefore is becoming depressed. Do this having a huge impact on her mental and social parts of her life. Patients like Mrs J with airflow limitation clinically they have become known as pink puffers and blue bloaters (Kleinschmidt, 2008). Patients with COPD have traditionally been divided into  pink puffers  and  blue bloaters  based on their physiological response to abnormal blood gases.  The former work hard to maintain a normal pO2  which is why they puff away. They tend to have a barrel-shaped, hyper inflated chest and breathe through pursed lips. The latter are blue because of hypoxia and polycythaemia. They are often obese and have water retention. This is why they are bloated. The  blue bloaters  are dependent upon hypoxia for their respiratory drive and to give oxygen and deprive them of this will lead to significant  hypercapnia  and acid base imbalance. (MedicineNet, 1996 2010) Mrs J falls under the term blue bloaters as she linked to chronic bronchitis due to cyanosis which causes a blue tinge to the lips, which occurs from poor gas exchange. Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma and COPD: Biology and Pharmacology  by Prof. Kian Fan Chung pink puffers has been linked to emphysema as the patients may be showing signs of weight loss, using their accessory muscles with pursed lips giving them a reddish complexion, they may also adopt the tripod sitting position (Kleinschmidt, 2008). Although these conditions separate the patient may present with slight variations of them both, however they do differentiate through their underlying process, signs and symptoms (Bellamy Booker, 2004). The respiratory system can be separated into a conducting and a respiratory portion. The conducting portion consists of the air-transmitting passages of the nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. This part of the respiratory system serves to filter, warm and humidify air on its way to the lungs. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J. Tortora, and Bryan H. Specialized portions of the conducting system also serve other functions, e.g., the nose in the sense of smell, the pharynx in alimentation, and the larynx in phonation. The actual exchange of gases occurs in the respiratory portion which consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs and alveoli. Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J. Tortora, and Bryan H. Derrickson   There are two separate arterial systems in the lungs, the pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood, follow the respiratory passages and end in capillaries in alveolar walls, and the bronchial arteries which carry oxygenated blood. (Ross and Wilson,2009). The lungs are richly supplied with lymphatic vessels, which are organized into two sets a deep set that accompanies the pulmonary vessels and airways and a superficial set that lies beneath the visceral and parietal pleura. Little or no anatomises occurs between the two plexus except in the region of the hilum. (SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 2008) The lung is the organ for gas exchange; it transfers oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air. To accomplish gas exchange the lung has two components, airways and alveoli. The airways are branching, tubular passages like the branches of a tree that allow air to move in and out of the lungs. The wider segments of the airways are the trachea and the two bronchi. The smaller segments are called bronchioles. At the ends of the bronchioles are the alveoli, thin-walled sacs. Small blood vessels (capillaries) run in the walls of the alveoli, and it is across the thin walls of the alveoli where gas exchange between air and blood takes place. 1996-2010 MedicineNet, http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/article.htm Airways and air sacs within the lungs are elasticised, with the air we breathe the lungs will change shape with inhalation they expand and return to the normal shape after they have been stretched with full of air. With in the Lining the of the nasal cavity is a mucous membrane full of blood vessels, with the many blood vessels this enable the nose to warm and humidify the incoming air quickly. Cells in the mucous membrane produce mucus and have tiny hair like projections (cilia). Usually, the mucus traps incoming dirt particles, which are then moved by the cilia toward the front of the nose or down the throat to be removed from the airway. This action helps clean the air before it goes to the lungs. Ciliated Columnar Epithelium which contains goblet cells and cilia, the goblet cells are responsible for secreting mucus which is able to trap the finer particles from inspired air and the cilia which are fine hairs to trap particles from going into the respiratory track. The cilia carrys the particles by a sweeping the mouth or nose where it can then be swallowed, coughed or sneezed out of the body (Munden, 2007). The two major sources of mucus secretion in the respiratory tract are the surface epithelial goblet cells and mucous cells. In lungs, goblet cells are present in the large bronchi, becoming increasingly thin toward the bronchioles. The sub mucosal glands are in the airways with the thickness decreasing with airway quality. With COPD, sub mucosal glands increase in size (hypertrophy), and the number of goblet cells will increased (hyperplasia) (Rogers, Jackson, 2001). The increased of goblet cells to ciliated cells will cause thickness in the bronchioles, this then impairs clearance of mucus. Patients affected by COPD also show the presence of edema, which can further reduce airway size and compromise the lung function. (Postma and Kerstjens, 1998). In clinical studies, these inflammatory parameters have been shown to correlate with a reduction lung function and an exaggerated bronchoconstriction (Postma and Kerstjens, 1998). The goblet cells are replaced within the small airways (bronchi) with Clara cells they are another form of secreting cell that are form ciliated cells and to help renew the bronchiolar epithelium, they produce hypophase component and a protease inhibitor these help protect the lungs by clearing foreign bodys from the airway (Stokley et al, 2006) Gasses exchange in the lung takes places in the airway with in the alveoli, The largest airway is the windpipe (trachea), this then branches into two smaller airways; the left and right bronchi, At the end of each bronchiole are thousands of small air sacs (alveoli) the walls are a thick network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The thin barrier between air and capillaries allows oxygen to move from the alveoli to the blood and allows carbon dioxide to move from the blood to the capillaries into the alveoli (Matterporth Matfin, 2009). Mr J has a poor respiratory drive due to having poor ventilation on the lungs. Hypoxemia and hypercapnia can take place due to the poor ventilation, hypoxia in Patients with COPD like Mrs J have raised CO2  levels and  depend  on a deficiency of oxygen (hypoxia) to encourage respiration. They will develop increased CO2  retention,  respiratory acidosis  and subsequently will require mechanical ventilation (oxygen). It also causes the kidneys to produce erthpoietin which stimulates excessive red blood cell production as Mrs J has poor ventilation intake the blood cells are not fully oxygenated there for cyanosis can occurs (Munden, J, 2007).This has lead to hypercapnia due to raised carbon dioxide levels resulting from suppression of hypoxic ventilation drive. However, this understanding does not account for the many factors that contribute to the control of breathing in patients, and has resulted in oxygen being withheld inappropriately from some patients with acute respi ratory failure.   (Brooker Nicol, 2004). Mrs J has lent to live in hypoxic drive as she has made adjustments in her life and has lived like this for 4 years now and has become normal to her. Mrs J has sensitivity to falling oxygen levels rather than raised carbon dioxide (Brooker Nicol, 2004). A higher level of oxygen within Mrs Js system reduces the stimulus to breath therefore inducing carbon dioxide maintenance (Walsh Crumbie, 2007). Emphysema occurs when the air sacs at the ends of your bronchioles gradually gets destroyed, smoking is the leading cause of emphysema. Resulting in the air sacs (alveoli), in the lungs becoming over stretched making their thin walls tear, there for losing the lung tissue and elasticity. The lungs cannot expand or contract fully, and so become less efficient when breathing. (McCance Huether, 2006)   As the condition worsens, emphysema turns the air sacs which are like a bunch of grapes to become enlarged, irregular pockets with gaping holes in their inner walls; this reduces the number of air sacs and keeps some oxygen entering the lungs from reaching the bloodstream (Munden, J, 2007). This makes you try and breathe harder as insufficient oxygen is not getting into our airways. Our bodies compensates by lowering cardiac output and we then begin to hyperventilate, which then results in limited blood flow through fairly well oxygenated lungs this is in contrast to chronic bronchitis (Brooker Nicol, 2004). Due to low cardiac output in Mrs Js body it will tend to suffer from tissue hypoxia leading to weight loss or muscle wasting (McClance Huether, 2006). Mrs Js chronic bronchitis is a Type 2 respiratory failure; this refers to hypercapnoea, which is a presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the blood steam, which can occur with or without hypoxia. This type of respiratory failure is caused by a decline the amount of gas inhaled and exhaled (Higgins,D., Guest,J, 2008). Respiratory failure occurs when alveolar ventilation is ineffective to expel carbon dioxide in the body. Poor ventilation is due to reduced ventilation effort, it affects the lung as a whole, there for carbon dioxide accumulates in the lungs this could deadly if it is not treated (Partridge, 2006). This process is seen in patients such as Mrs J with COPD and can be made more aggressive by an illness (Higgins,D., Guest,J, 2008). Mrs J views her quality of life as poor and hates getting up in the mornings, this is because Mrs J becoming breathless and not being able to fulfil her daily activities. COPD can leave patients feeling anxious and suffering from panic attacks (Christen Antoni, 2000). Mrs J feels frightened becoming breathless as she has had frequent admissions of exacerbation with long stays in hospital, exacerbations is a increased case of breathlessness and sputum experience and very distressing for patients and disruptive to their lives (Alaxander,Fawcett Runciman, 2006). Because of Mrs J being short of breath she feels very lonely and isolated, Mrs J has now got a low self esteem and self confidence this has been induced by her affects of the disease, any activities such as washing, dressing and shopping has become quite dependant on her family in these tasks and feels helpless and a burden to them. The psychological affects of living with COPD can be overwhelming the anxiety and panic levels are very high as Mrs J is living in constant fear and frustration each day of the affects of the illness. COPD patients tend to have a high prevalence rate of clinical depression (N, Haynes, 2000). Depression is very common in COPD patients, around 40% are affected by severe depressive symptoms or clinical depression (Henriksen,A, 2008). Since Mrs J has been diagnosed she has had to make some psychological adjustments, she has some challenges ahead of her such as maintaining her ADLs i.e. self image and personal hygiene. Mrs J feels weak and drained on any activities she does due to breathlessness, most of the time she has to rely on her husband and family to meet these needs and has become dependant upon them; this can lead to activation of negative self image which has lasting changes to the patient (Christen Antoni, 2000). Mrs J feels that dealing with her chronic illness she has had to challenge her own self worth, her own sense of vulnerability and to think of what the future has in hold for her (N, Haynes, 2000). COPD may also adversely affect Mrs J self image which is negatively stigmatised her self inflicted this illness on her self due to smoking (Gore et al, 2000). Stigma has had a huge impact on Mrs Js low self esteem as she has smoked most of her life and has caused her condition to progress, so she only has herself to blame. Having low self esteem can be very difficult for some patients to handle as is plays a role in their lives (Christen Antoni, 2000). The more inactive Mrs J will becomes it will decrease her self esteem and can have an impact on her well being (Haynes, 2000). Mrs J also thinks that she has become depressed due to her condition which has had a huge impact on her quality of life with has lead to isolation and dependant on family and friends (Barnett, 2008). COPD patients are being stigmatized in todays society, this disabling condition has been linked to poor lifestyle changes and people that have smoked (Bartolame, Berger, 2009). Patients with COPD feel stigmatised due to medical profession as they have been labelled under pink puffers and blue bloaters this can have a negative impact on their image (Johnson et al, 2007). Mrs J feels that the main reason that she has become isolated is that she is embarrassed by her visible side affect due to poor mobility and breathlessness. COPD research has mainly focused on the medical side rather than the social impact of the disease. This neglect is seen as patients are not prepared for wider social attitudes of smoking related to their illness and has been looked at as self infliction and avoidable conditions creating stigma which is attached to the disease (Johnson et al, 2007). The National Clinical Strategy for COPD is currently being developed by the Department of Health. This was previously known as the National Service Framework (NSF). Following the Darzi report which stated that high quality for all this was based upon ways to reshape and improve the NHS. The National Clinical Strategy will address the lack of awareness of COPD and also focus on the undiagnosed or inaccurately and also making clear pathways for those diagnosed. (NICE, 2004). NICE guidelines on COPD Cover a full range of care that should be available from the NHS to adults like Mrs J who has this illness and to have the appropriate support and treatments this includes smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation and management of exacerbations and to have easy access to these services (NICE, 2008). COPD has had a huge negative impact on Mrs Js life she has had to overcome challenges due to her COPD such as her basic day to day activities, by making some adjustments to meet these tasks. With Mrs J disabling disease this has lead to loss of function, low self confidence and has become socially isolated in her own home due to her clinical depression (Brooker, 2005). Alexander, M. F., Fawcett, J., Runciman, P. J., (Eds.). (2006). Nursing practice: The adult hospital and home. (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Barnett, M. (2008). Management of end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. British Journal of Nursing, 17(22),1390 1394. Barr, R. G. Bourbeau, J, Camargo C. A. Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2) Bartolame, A., Berger, R. (2009). Blaming the patient. Retrieved 2nd February 2010 website: http://www.breathingbetterlivingwell.com/lofiversion/index.php/t6895.htm Bellamy, D., Booker, R. (Eds.). (2004). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: All you need to know to manage COPD in your practice. (3rd ed.). London: Class publishing. Bellamy, D., Brooker, R. (2004). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Journal of Community Nursing, 23(4), 24-25. British Lung Foundation. (2007). The affect of the disease of COPD. Retrieved 14th January 2010 website: http://www.lung.uk.org/you-and-your-lungs/conditions-and-diseases/copd.htm British Lung Foundation. (2010). The National Strategy for COPD. Retrieved 7th February 2010 website: http://www.lunguk.org/media-and-campaigning/campaigns/what-is-the-national-strategy-for-copd British Thoracic Society. (2006).The burden of lung disease and statistics report. Journal of Community Nursing, 22(7) 25-26. Britton, M. The burden of COPD in the U.K.: results from the Confronting COPD survey.;  Respir Med.2003 Brooker, C., Nicol, M. (Eds.). (2004). Nursing adults: The practice of caring. (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier. Brooker, R. (2005). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and NICE guidelines. Nursing Standards. 19(22), 43-52. Christen, A., Antoni, M. (Ed.). (2000). chronic physical disorders: Behavioural medicines perspective. Oxford: Blackwell publishing Ltd. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NICE Clinical Guideline (2004);  Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NICE Clinical Guideline (2004);  Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care Coakley, A. L., Ruston, A. (2001). Pulmonary disease and smoking: A case for health promotion. British Journal of Nursing. 10 (1), 20-24. COPD. BMJ Clinical Evidence.  www.clinicalevidence.com, accessed 10 June 2009 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; September 2005. Gore, J. M., Brophy, C. J., Greenstone, M. A. (2000). How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. British Medical Journal: Thorax. 55,1000-1006. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2000) W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia; London. Haynes, N. (Ed.). (2000). Foundations of psychology, (3rd ed.). London: Thomson Learning. Henriksen, A. (2008). Statistics on clinical depression. Retrieved 2nd February 2010 website: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/586751 Higgins, D., Guest, J. (2008). Acute respiratory failure: Assessing patients. Retrieved 1st February 2010 website: http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/acute-respiratory-failure-assessing-patients/1833932-article Johnson, J. L., Campbell, A. C., Bowers, M., Nichol, A. M. (2007). Understanding the social consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects of stigma and gender. The American Thoracic Society, 4:680-682. doi: 10.1513/pats.200706-0845d. Kleinschmidt, P. (2008). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. Retrieved from Emedicine website: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807143-overview Lacasse, Y. Goldstein, R. Lasserson, T. J. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database, 2006 Oct 18;(4) Marieb, N. E. (Ed). (2003). Essentials of Human Anatomy Physiology. (7th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Masters, N., Tutt, C. (2007). Smoking pack years calculator. Retrieved on 14th January 2010 from website: http://www.smokingpackyears.com/ Matterporth, C., Matfin, G. (2009). Pathophysiology concepts of altered heath states. (8th ed.). Lippincott, Willams Wilkins: Raven Publishers. McClance, L. K., Huether, E. S. (Eds.). (2006). Pathophysiology the biologic Munden, J. (Ed.). (2007). Professional guide to pathophysiology. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Willams Wilkins. NICE  (2007)  Acutely Ill Patients in Hospital. Recognition of and Response to Acute Illness in Adults in Hospital. Textbook of Medical Physiology (10th edition) SUNY Downstate Medical Center, . (2008, March 05). The Respiratory system. Retrieved from http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/respiratory.html MedicineNet, . (1996 2010). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) . Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/page4.htm#symp

Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut Essay -- Harrison Bergeron Essays

Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut â€Å"The story is a satire, a parody of an ideological society divorced from common sense reality† (Townsend). As Townsend stated Kurt Vonnegut makes a satire about society in his fictional short story Harrison Bergeron, which in their society there has been attempt of conformity through the handicaps of the people, the similarity to an authoritarian government, and the technology, whereas the people will eventually overcome. The Kind if government authority seen both mimics and satirizes the way Americans came to see the enemy (the Soviet Union) during the Cold War, which was near its height of distrust and fear in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As an attempt to make the economy better Karl Marx a philosopher thought up the philosophy of Communism. A communist government plans and controls the economy, also has an authoritarian that has total control. Often the authoritarian claims that he will progress toward a higher social order in which the people equally share all goods. Although, the citizens in Harrison Bergeron in the same way â€Å"equal every which way† in the economy but, they are also â€Å"equal every which way† in physical characteristics (Vonnegut). In which the people know that they are unequal and that is why they have the handicaps. A handicap as stated in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, in a â€Å"race or contest [an] artificial advantage is given or disadvantage imposed on a [person] to equalize chances of winning† (Me...

Totalitarianism in Brave New World Essay -- essays research papers

The formative years of the 1900’s, suffered from communism, fascism, and capitalism. The author of the Brave New World, Mr. Aldous Huxley lived in a social order in which he had been exposed to all three of these systems. In the society of the Brave New World, which is set 600 years into the future, individuality is not condoned and the special motto â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability† frames the structure of the Totalitarian Government. The Brave New World â€Å"community† is divided into five castes ranging from the Alphas, who are the most intellectually superior, and ending with the Epsilons who are the most intellectually inferior. â€Å"Identity† is portrayed in the â€Å"Conditioning Center,† where babies are not born but made then separated into the five classes. â€Å"Stability† in this society is insured through limitations placed on the intelligence of each group. The fundamental tenant behind the New World is â€Å"UTILITARIAN TOTALITARIANISM.† The goal of utilitarianism is to make the society happy as a whole and thus more efficient. A Totalitarian Government is kept in the New World by control, conditioning, and a lack of emotion and intelligence. Through science people are not just created, they are conditioned to guarantee the happiness in humanity, â€Å"What man has joined nature, is powerless to put asunder,† shows how much conditioning can change behavior. In his writing, Huxley shows that misinformation starts at birth and can be used against us whenever we are unaware of it. The New World is a blend of capitalism and communism. Capitalism seeks to stimulate trade market to generate a substantial amount of money, which results in economic benefits for the country. The system of rule in the Brave New World has a similar aspect. In it, t... ...der, Adolf Hitler who led under a Fascist rule, controlled everything from religion to politics. â€Å"Fascism is a form of right-wing totalitarianism which emphasizes the subordination of the individual to advance the interests of the state.† The Nazi idea of life was that all â€Å"non-Aryans,† should be scorned, and German unification should be reached. Unification was to be reached in any way possible including terror and loyalty to their autocrat. â€Å"[People constantly requesting government intervention] are casting their problems at society. And, you know, there's no such thing as society. There are individual men and women and there are families. And no government can do anything except through people, and people must look after themselves first. It is our duty to look after ourselves and then, also, to look after our neighbors.† --Margaret Thatcher September 23, 1937

Hypotheses Of The Effects Of Wolf Predation :: essays research papers

Hypotheses of the Effects of Wolf Predation Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effects of these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, and statistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explain many evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species. The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed to describe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation. Some of the proposed mechanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulate population densities. The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does not return to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply to one prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough to halt prey population

One of the Boys: Homosexuality in the Military during World War II Essay

All over the history of the United States’ military, its handling of sexual minorities such as homosexuals has changed both as popular and medical knowledge regarding homosexuality have changed and as the requirements of the armed forces themselves have altered. According to Paul Jackson (2004) in his book â€Å"One of the Boys: Homosexuality in the Military during World War II†, regulations have more and more shifted away from criminal trial to the release of homosexual military servicemen in reaction to varying opinions among medical professionals regarding the root and true causes of homosexuality. Nevertheless, Jackson (2004) claimed that within an institution that has formally forbidden the service of sexual minorities, particularly homosexuals ever since the 1940s, and the real execution of the ban has varied across branch of services and time, in addition to commanders. Throughout the time of war, rates and levels of dismissal have dropped as manpower requirements have increased as well. Many instances subsist of gay and lesbian military servicemen who have served with the information and consciousness of their commanders and colleagues. Moreover, not merely does a service member’s likelihood or opportunity of being dismissed differ by branch of service, but female military personnel likewise consist of an unequal number of those estranged under the rule. In writing about gay and lesbian history, the historian should decode and interpret the coded phrases that were employed to cover up homosexuality, and I believe that Jackson has done a commendable and marvelous job of this. His book is a thoroughly-researched analysis of homosexuality in the Canadian armed forces for the period of the war years. In writing the book, it is Jackson’s aim to investigate the existence of homosexuality in the military during World War II and to be able to share the result of his study to the readers. I can say that he has achieved these goals because this work has extensively studied the subject and is an outcome of hours of studying police reports, court-martial transcripts, conducting dozens of interviews, and pouring over psychiatric. In writing this book, I can say that Jackson has discovered and exposed a lot of homosexual experiences, and therefore has carried out an important involvement both to the social history and the queer history of the World War II. According to Jackson, throughout the period of World War II, military leaders engaged in extensive debate regarding the practices, rules, and policies connected to homosexuality in the armed forces, and substantial amendment of regulations took place all over the services. Furthermore, World War II needed a mass mobilization not like any formerly observed in the United States’ history. In fact, as asserted by d’Emilio (1998), the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 caused the instant registration of over 16 million men. Meanwhile, Jennings (1994) and the National Defense Research Institute (1993) said that discussions and debate regarding homosexual policies originated both from the prevalent disparity in the treatment of individual cases and the United States government’s dependence on the psychiatric establishment to help in discharging soldiers who were regarded as ineligible or unfit to serve. On authority, as I have previously said, the author presented several ideas about the subject by means of employing a wide array of sources such as personnel and psychiatric files, long-closed court martial records, oral histories, films, and unit war diaries. Jackson was able to consistently present his findings and views as he relates the struggle and hardships of queer military servicemen of all branches and ranks of the Canadian military to blend in and integrate and prevent losing their reputations and careers. According to Jackson, homosexual men were frequently well-liked and accepted within their units. However, if charged of homosexual behavior, they were asked to undergo psychiatric tests, prison terms, courts-martial proceedings, and finally dishonorable and shameful discharges. I think that Jackson’s ideas are credible and the findings and information are clearly presented. On perspective, I believe that Jackson’s work is not tainted by a clear bias that ignores or understates evidence and thus not favor one perspective alone. Moreover, the book imparts statements with adequate evidentiary support. Meanwhile, regarding the content of the book, when you read the book, it seems as if it is two books merged into one: on the one hand, it is a social history, and on the other hand, it is a policy analysis. The first three chapters of the book discuss how the institutions of the Canadian military tried to control homosexuality. In Chapter 1, Jackson examines the somewhat baffled efforts of the military to describe and delineate its policy regarding homosexuality. Next, Chapter 2 looks at the court martial proceedings of those military servicemen accused of homosexuality-related legal wrongdoings. Then, Chapter 3 of the book illustrates how military psychiatrists attempted to stress and affirm their authority and power over homosexuality as a medical concern. The last two chapters seemed to be a methodical reading of their respective principal sources, which are psychiatric examinations and court martial transcripts. I believe that Jackson analytically transports the reader through the a variety of stages of the psychiatric evaluation and court martial processes, giving personalized and detailed descriptions of how these two branches of the military coped with the concern of homosexuality, the first as a medical concern and the second as a moral and legal one. This difference between approved and formal military rule denouncing homosexuality and the usual acceptance of homosexual behavior is revealed in the first chapter of Jackson’s book, which looks at the a variety of aspects of the military’s rule on homosexuality as created by the military police, the National Film Board, the RCAF, and the medical services. The general organization of the first chapter of the book portrays a somewhat inconsistent and disorganized methodology in dealing with homosexuality in the Canadian military, which included cruel and brutal investigations on the one hand, and customary denials on the other hand. Moreover, Chapter 1 highlights entertainingly in the author’s ironic so-called â€Å"Routine Order† on homosexuality, wherein he explains the de facto military rule on homosexuality, without an official and formal rule. According to Jackson, the de facto military rule was to disregard or renounce homosexual behavior except if the person behind it was an eccentric or nonconformist or else has a behavioral problem. The de facto rule says that any punishment must be manageable or light for military men in combat units, and heavy and grave for noncombatants, except if they were popular and accepted. Persistently, the author thinks that the Canadian military attempted to disregard homosexuality except if the persons were difficult to handle or were showing their sexuality. Jackson says that this implicit rule originated from the 1940s concept or notion of sexuality, which states that every soldier was supposed or assumed to be male, heterosexual, and masculine, and in the absence of tremendous proof or confirmation to the contrary, would be considered as such. Meanwhile, the second half of the book is mainly a social history of homosexuality in the armed forces in the period of World War II. The book’s Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the experiences of queer and odd military servicemen in Canada and abroad; while chapter 6 inspects the effect of homosexuality on the military’s morale, cohesion, and esprit de corps. Personally, I think that these chapters of Jackson’s book depended mainly on war diaries and oral histories as well as the sources utilized for the previous chapters, and illustrate clear pictures of the experiences of queer military servicemen during wartime. Definitely, I think that these sections of the book evoke Desmond Morton’s outstanding work regarding the experience of Canadian military servicemen during World War I. By means of utilizing the personal reminiscences of various veterans, a number of whom are explicitly homosexual, whereas others are married and already have grandchildren, the author investigates the numerous aspects of the homosexual encounters and experiences that happened during the war, the stories and accounts of coming to consciousness of a different sexual orientation and behavior, the conflicting responses to these encounters, and the truthful account of brief sexual frolics in London hotel rooms for common enjoyment. Personally, I think that of specific concern in these parts in the book is Jackson’s portrayal of the open sexuality in England during wartime that would surely be interesting for British historians. In his book, Jackson exposes the label that homosexuality in the military was simply the result of an all-male situation, or that these experiences constantly concerned a blend of a masculine top and feminine â€Å"queen. † Despite the fact that this was the conventional representation and impression of homosexuality during the war, it was far from being its lone sign or even the prevalent one. Based on the investigations of Jackson, he found out that it is apparent that there was a stern unwillingness or reluctance on the part of authorities to dismiss homosexuals from military service. Jackson discovered that courts martial were mainly employed to discourage homosexual activity, but hardly ever led to the dismissal of noncommissioned military servicemen. Generally, the serviceman would be condemned and punished to serve time in a detention center, after which he would be permitted to go back to service. Meanwhile, military officers were more possible to be dismissed if they are found guilty, but were on the other hand much less possible to be sentenced. Jackson asserts that the motive or explanation here agrees with the explanation as to why psychiatrists were extremely hesitant, compared with the courts martial, to proclaim that a military officer or serviceman was homosexual. Furthermore, Jackson suggests that the medical archetype of homosexuality structured a homosexual as an antisocial, degenerate person a point of view revealed in the moral norms of the court martial officers. Nevertheless, it was difficult to resolve this idea with the healthy, productive military men who stood under inspection and scrutiny; thus, a lot of these men were set free, particularly when they had colleagues ready to guarantee for their good character. Regarding the effect of homosexuality on the military’s morale, esprit de corps, and unit cohesion, the author not astonishingly discovered that in recognized units a court martial of a charged military serviceman was more often than not more destructive to morale than the homosexual military man himself. Jackson said that frequently these men were well liked and well incorporated, and their fellow military servicemen hesitant to bear witness against them. Furthermore, the concern about sexuality was more difficult in training camps, when bonds had not yet been established. Nevertheless, Jackson also said that sexuality was not any greater an obstacle than a person’s behavior, ethnicity, race, or a lack of physical ability, all of which caused challenges to building unit cohesion throughout this period. In the meantime, I believe that a remarkable amount of research and study was obviously done in completing Jackson’s book, and I would be negligent and thoughtless if I will not talk about the visual part or element of his book. I think that the author portrays a remarkable and extraordinary array of war art, as well as several masterpieces by gay war artists that demonstrate facets or characteristics of homosexuality and the homosocial ties or connection that were established during the period of the war. A lot of these works or creations show and exemplify same-sex emotional connections and homoeroticism in the military more noticeably and openly than a chapter of text can illustrate. Together with imagery and descriptions from photos of young soldiers, stills from NFB films, and drag shows together, these pictures and examples add a rich and remarkable visual component or facet to the text. Meanwhile, Jackson said that the ban of the service of sexual minorities ever since the 1940s has not caused their discharge from the U. S. military. A lot of service members are not aware that they are homosexual when they enlist; while others do not regard themselves as homosexual, although their actions fits the military’s stringent definition. A number of these military servicemen who do recognize as sexual minorities join anyhow since they would like to serve their nation or as a consequence of the job prospects the military offers. The majority of these military servicemen work in virtual silence, informing just other gay and lesbian service members or a small number of trusted heterosexual contemporaries. Then as Sobel et al. 2000) and Berube (1990) said, despite the fact that military inquiries have led to the discharges of more than 100,000 service members since the 1940s, experts have the same opinion that a lot more have worked without being discharged. Moreover, as societal outlooks toward homosexuality have generally turned out to be more open-minded, there has been growing evidence and confirmation of acceptance among several heterosexual military personnel also. Nevertheless, the authorized and certified policy mandates removal of all recognized homosexual military servicemen, notwithstanding conduct and irrespective of their record. Even those personnel members who undergo acceptance from their contemporaries stay to be in danger that a change in command, an unanswered advance, or the antagonism of one person could bring about the end of their military careers. In the book, Jackson (2004) said that in 1943, new Navy regulations focused on homosexuals instead of sodomist. In addition, the National Defense Research Institute (1993) said that criminal penalties for sodomy were not, nevertheless, in fact removed. Those who engaged in same-sex sexual behavior were either to be administratively discharged or allowed to resign, unless their behavior was violent or involved a minor. Berube (1990) claimed that the Navy directive likewise noted that the policy applied to the Women’s Reserve also. Under Army policies, those who were not â€Å"confirmed perverts† and who were viewed to have a salvage value were to be returned to duty following proper disciplinary action. Then, by the year 1944, the medicalization of homosexuality was finished. Berube (1990) also asserted that the Army circular widened the category of offenders who may possibly be reclaimed from those who had gone off track to the true or confirmed homosexuals whose cases practically point to the likelihood of reclamation. In addition, the Navy’s 1944 circular introduced for the first time in that military branch the idea of those who have homosexual tendencies and stated that even if no sexual contact in fact took place, those with homosexual tendencies were to be recognized and prohibited from serving in the military or dismissed upon discovery (National Research Defense Institute, 1993). Personally, I believe that the reader should likewise praise Jackson for his utilization of explicit and frank language in explaining and illustrating homosexuality in the period of World War II. I personally think that not merely does this suggest or reveal the real language employed in the records Jackson discovered, but it is suitable or proper to the sexually-charged work he is discussing and doing. Moreover, I also think that the author conveys the story and information about the subject with enough wit and candor. Therefore, I am awed that Jackson managed to obtain the subtitle for his segment on inter-rank relationships, entitled â€Å"Officers and their Privates† past his editor. All in all, I extol Jackson for his interesting and frequently intimate story and description of the experiences and experiences of homosexual military servicemen that will be interesting to both a general and academic readers.