Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development Essay Example for Free

Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development Essay For what reason are both nature and sustain significant in perceptual turn of events? How do both assistance a baby’s mind and tactile organs to create?  The question of whether nature or support is progressively significant regarding perceptual improvement has honey bee since a long time ago discussed. As a rule, there are two speculations that clarify how people build up these recognitions. The Nativists guarantee that our minds are manufactured or designed to perceive certain boosts by both plan and development. Conversely, an Empiricist would state that we learn through experience how to see things. There was a trial done by Nativist scientists that looked to decide how exceptionally youthful warm blooded creatures can see. The information inferred that early newborn children had the option to see a considerable amount before they truly got an opportunity to get the hang of anything. Gibson and Walk’s the â€Å"visual cliff† explore was one such trial, in this test both youthful creatures and half year old human babies were taken to a side of a visual precipice, the guineas pigs would stay away from the plainly profound drop. This demonstrated kids can see visual profundity and that visual profundity overwhelms even touch data. Moreover, considers have been done that show children can perceive faces and that they frequently favor the visual incitement of container faces instead of similar highlights organized indiscriminately. In different tests it was demonstrated that children can likewise perceive whether and article is coming legitimately at their face or not. These trials show that even the lacking newborn child mind has significant limit with regards to perceptual abilities. Interestingly, a few Empiricists tests have been done also. In one such examination, researchers looked to decide the impacts of denying creating creatures from perceptual incitements. These tests have reliably demonstrated that the more drawn out the subject is denied, the more extreme the outcomes. For instance, people are some of the time conceived without sight, because of a blurred cornea. Sometime down the road some choose to have medical procedure to fix this obfuscated cornea. The outcome is sight, these individuals can see however they can't see what it is that they see. Over the long haul they gradually figure out how to recognize one item from another, yet this is anyway handily intruded. Regularly changing an articles position or setting is sufficiently very to back off or forestall acknowledgment. To close, albeit some contend that discernment is because of nature, while others contend for sustain, it might in certainty be that the two components are related and depend on one another. Backing for this thought originates from an analysis that examined rodents and found that those brought up in a perceptually confined condition had littler mental health than those brought up in an advanced domain, recommending that while we are brought into the world with inborn capacities we need the earth to guarantee we build up our capacities to see well. The perceptual abilities we have during childbirth must be reinforced ceaselessly through perceptual incitement, moreover, doubtlessly observation by and large follows the utilization it or lose it rule. Similarly as unused muscles become week, so to do our faculties whenever left unused. Nature and support are both fundamental to wellbeing y perceptual turn of events; incitement starts in the belly and rapidly finishes as far as possible a dulthood. Sources . Nature and Nurture in Perceptual Development. . www.indiana.edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/word reference/natnurt.htm. . Encountering Sensation and Perception. . physch.hanover.edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/sensation/parts/Chapter 15.pdf. Arterberry, M. Perceptual Development. . Colby College. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://www.elsevierdirect.com/handouts/Infant/PDFs/Perceptual development.pdf.

Sexual Harassment Essays (544 words) - Behavior, Human Behavior

Inappropriate behavior Above all else, let me state that being explicitly bothered since fifth grade has gone past the harm of influencing the way I feel.... Now...I have no pride, no fearlessness, and still no chance to get out of the [misery] I am gotten through in my school.1 Sexual provocation of understudies is a genuine and difficult issue in training at all levels, including basic and auxiliary schools just as schools and colleges. It can influence any understudy, paying little mind to sex, race, or on the other hand age. Inappropriate behavior can undermine an understudy's physical or passionate prosperity, impact how well an understudy does in school, and make it troublesome for an understudy to accomplish their vocation objectives. In addition, lewd behavior is illicit - Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) denies sex separation, including inappropriate behavior. Forestalling and curing sexual badgering in schools is fundamental to guarantee nondiscriminatory, safe situations in which understudies can learn. A...student should have a sense of security and open to strolling down the corridors of their school. School is a spot for learning and developing. Inappropriate behavior stops that process.2 This handout gives school executives, educators, understudies, and guardians with principal data to help them in perceiving and managing inappropriate behavior under Title IX. It diagrams fundamental standards being referred to and-answer design. A few more data about a school's obligations has been discarded, and school authorities should peruse Inappropriate behavior Guidance: Harassment of Students by School Employees, Other Students, or Third Parties to guarantee a full comprehension of the law. Guardians and understudies can likewise counsel this Guidance, for more data about understudy rights. The Guidance was distributed by the Office for Civil Rights in the Federal Register on March of 1997 and might be acquired from any of the OCR Enforcement Offices or by calling 1-800-421-3481. It is additionally posted on OCR s site page at http://www.ed.gov/workplaces/OCR/ocrpubs.html. Inappropriate behavior can happen at any school action and can occur in study halls, corridors, cafeterias, quarters and different regions. Time after time, the conduct is permitted to proceed basically in light of the fact that understudies and workers are definitely not educated about what lewd behavior is or how to stop it. Understudies, guardians what's more, school staff must have the option to perceive inappropriate behavior, and comprehend what they can do to keep it from happening and how to stop it on the off chance that it does happen. Bugging conduct, whenever overlooked or not detailed, is probably going to proceed and become more awful, as opposed to leave. The effect of lewd behavior on a understudy's instructive advancement and accomplishment of future objectives can be huge what's more, ought not be thought little of. Because of lewd behavior, an understudy may, for instance, experience difficulty learning, drop a class or drop out of school inside and out, lose trust in school authorities, become disengaged, dread for individual wellbeing, or lose confidence. Consequently, a school ought not acknowledge, endure or ignore lewd behavior. A school ought not pardon the badgering with a disposition of that is simply developing immature sexuality or young men will be young men, or disregard it inspired by a paranoid fear of harming a teacher's notoriety. This never really stop the sexual badgering and can even communicate something specific that such direct is acknowledged or endured by the school. At the point when a school clarifies that lewd behavior won't go on without serious consequences, prepares its staff, and suitably reacts when provocation happens, understudies will consider the to be as a sheltered spot where everybody can learn.

Terror and Terrorism

Consistently, such a significant number of individuals wake up with one expectation, to live and do everything conceivable to appreciate this life. Blue sky, natural air, green trees, clean condition, and great individuals close †this is the thing that can make this life extremely advantageous and intriguing. Promoting We will compose a custom exposition test on Terror and Terrorism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this truly enamoring life might be ruined in a few hours or even in a few minutes, and the explanation this might be two straightforward words †fear and psychological warfare. Shockingly, very few individuals truly appreciate the significance of these two words, this is the reason it is vitally critical to focus on these two issues and build up various conversations. The fact of the matter is that the importance of fear isn't the equivalent of psychological warfare, along these lines, it is important to discover the distinction that lies among dread and psychological warfare, dissect the reasons of fear mongering, and assess individual situation so as to acknowledge whether it is conceivable to stop fear mongers and be certain that fear won't upset individuals in not so distant future. These days, psychological warfare is viewed as a truly intriguing theme to research and break down; bunches of studies, discussions, and contentions happen around this issues so as to have the option to manage it and advance more secure life (Laqueur 7). Obviously, the occasions of September 11 2001 in New York and Washington made every individual on the world recall by and by how merciless and unusual terroristic acts could be, what number of blameless lives might be lost inside a truly brief timeframe. That stun, those tears, and those passings raised significantly the significance to consider human exercises and the wickedness these exercises may prompt. Those September assaults filled in as a ringer to begin the war on psych ological warfare and the war on fear. Is it conceivable to stop fear based oppression in this world? Who can stop each one of those terroristic demonstrations? Is it genuine to live in harmony for a significant stretch of time? Every one of these inquiries trouble such a large number of individuals these days. In any case, to begin this war, it is important to clear up with meanings of dread and fear mongering, their reasons, and history. Dread and psychological oppression can't be deciphered in indeed the very same way. There are such a significant number of meanings of the word fear mongering can be discovered, one of them lies in the way that psychological oppression is â€Å"the planned danger or utilization of savagery by subnational gatherings or furtive people expected to threaten and pressure governments, to advance political, strict or ideological outcomes† (Whittaker 10). Promoting Looking for article on political theories? We should check whether we can support you ! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More obviously, it isn't that hard to discover one of the potential meanings of the word and learn it by heart. In any case, such mindfulness doesn't assist with getting a handle on the principle thought of fear based oppression and doesn't assist with forestalling any terroristic demonstration. This is the reason it is smarter to consider own translation of these two words. Fear based oppression ought to be viewed as any sort of training that prompts agony, enduring, and passing. Such sort of training ends up being hurtful for individuals and for future. Fear isn't equivalent to psychological oppression. It ought to be viewed more as the impact, the consequences of fear based oppression, the passionate comprehension of the peril and danger. Loads of essayists and students of history manage the historical backdrop of dread and fear based oppression, offer their own translations, and remark on the circumstances on the planet. Every essayist h as his/her own methodology, and, to my brain, the thoughts offered by Luisa Valenzuela in her The Verb to Kill merit certain consideration. Two younger siblings with their own disposition to life and their places in this world conjugate the action word to slaughter and shudder with dread. â€Å"He murders †he executed †he will kill† (Valenzuela 147). In the event that such considerations are as of now in the psyches of these young ladies, what can be further? Considerations about murdering and passing, aim to maintain a strategic distance from agony, or want to execute †any of these issues are conceivable. Michel Wieviorka views psychological warfare as a social item, this is the reason the investigation of fear based oppression should begin from a profound examination of society, its issues, and aims (Wieviorka 589). Furthermore, Angelo Corlett thinks about fear based oppression from another very fascinating viewpoint. He tells that it is â€Å"an total lawfu l commitment to comply with the law† (Corlett 10). Every one of these thoughts affects my own translation of the words fear based oppression and dread. They share parts moves toward practically speaking, this is the reason I am certain that fear mongering and each one of those awful outcomes of terroristic assaults are brought about by individuals as it were. I can't yet consider how unusual individuals might be: they superbly understand that typically terroristic activities will be rebuffed, and by and by, they keep doing this all together just to show their capacities to ignore and murder. Is it a genuine attribute of any individual †to make troubles so as to find own feeling of life? On the off chance that it is valid, at that point our general public is destined to failure.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Terror and Terrorism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dues to the previously mentioned words, ample opportunity has already past to consider potential approaches to stop fear mongering and furnish our kids with an opportunity to live in safe future. Obviously, bunches of individuals stay to be very self absorbed, this is the reason the thoughts of safe future may not trouble them by any stretch of the imagination. This is the reason it is smarter to state that we should stop psychological warfare for even our protected and quiet future. Individuals should simply picture how great the life can be if quit partitioning everything, demonstrating own need, and feeling frustrated about ourselves as it were. Individuals are ground-breaking enough to control their own lives, savvy enough to make legitimate condition, sufficiently able to grow new innovations to improve this world. We ought to appreciate that fear based oppression is a social thought, this is the reason just worldwide activities, aggregate thoughts and want may spare this world. Just together, individuals can locate the fundamental way out and s tart own thriving; just together, individuals can expel each one of those conditions, which energize fear mongering on this planet. What's more, above all else, we should quit thinking about psychological warfare so as to stop it by any stretch of the imagination. Possibly, these days, it is as yet difficult to envision our reality without dread and psychological oppression. Individuals are so hesitant to be a survivor of another terroristic demonstration or free family members or companions. Individuals can't battle with death, yet they can without much of a stretch quit battling with one another all together not to cause every one of these passings. Obviously, cognizance of the words psychological oppression and fear won't stop fear based oppression by any means, yet at the same time, it is a decent start for those, who have just understood that to live without dread is very conceivable. The main thing individuals ought to do now is to join together and quit isolating. For this si tuation, the issues of fear mongering and dread won't be as consuming as they are at the present time. Works Cited Corlett, J. Angelo. Fear mongering: A Philosophical Analysis. Springer: 2003. Laqueur, Walter. No limit to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Continuum International Group, 2004.Advertising Searching for exposition on political theories? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Whittaker, David, J. Psychological warfare: Understanding the Global Threat. London: Pearson Education, 2007. Valenzuela, Luisa. The Verb to Kill from The International Story: An Anthology with Guidelines for Reading and Writing about Fiction by Spack, Ruth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998: 147-149. Wieviorka, Michael. Psychological warfare in the Context of Academic Research from Terrorism in Context by Crenshaw, Martha. Penn State Press, 1995: 597-606. This paper on Terror and Terrorism was composed and put together by client Ken Ellis to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Alternative Investment Fund for Senior Life Insurance Settlements †Business (600 Level Course)

Elective Investment Fund for Senior Life Insurance Settlements †Business (600 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Elective Investment Fund for Senior Life Insurance Settlements Business (600 Level Course) Official SUMMARY Elective Investments Fund, LLC (â€Å"The Company†) is looking to make sure about subsidizing to buy disaster protection strategies. The motivation behind this record is to furnish conceivably invested individuals with adequate data to submit non-restricting signs important to give such financing duties, yet doesn't indicate to be comprehensive or contain the entirety of the data that an invested individual may require. Invested individuals should lead their own autonomous investigation. The data contained in this has been given by the Company, their separate officials, workers, specialists or agents, or got from freely accessible sources. The Company doesn't make any portrayal or guarantee, express or inferred, with respect to the exactness or fulfillment of this record or the data contained thus †and no legitimate risk is accepted or suggested. Any appraisals and sentiments have been set up by the Company’s the executives and include emotional judgment and investigation. This report will not comprise or be translated as a proposal to sell or a requesting of a proposal to purchase any protections of the Company. The Business The Company was established to begin and account the acquisition of life coverage settlements in the auxiliary market. A disaster protection repayment includes the exchange of proprietorship and the difference in recipient of an extra security arrangement in return for a single amount money installment from the buyer. Life coverage repayments give people who do not need anymore or need a current life coverage strategy with the chance to sell the arrangement and get a money repayment more prominent than the policy’s money give up esteem (sum insurance agency will pay to money out the approach). On account of settlements including term protection arrangements, approach proprietors get reserves that they never expected to get during their lifetimes. The arrangement proprietor might be wanting to give up the strategy for any number of reasons including (I) corporate-claimed key-man approaches may never again be required because of the key-man leaving the business or the business being sold, (ii) protection strategies bought for domain arranging targets are not, at this point significant, (iii) the requirement for extra security assurance no longer exists because of recipients being dealt with by different ventures or are monetarily free or essentially that there are no living beneficiaries, (iv) proceeding with premium installments is not, at this point attractive, (v) money from the repayment can be utilized to buy new, increasingly suitable inclusion (i.e., Second to Die or Long Term Care), and (vi) individual monetary reasons. Senior Life Insurance Settlements are recognizable from Viatical Settlements that were principally centered around AIDS casualties. Many saw the viatical business contrarily in light of the recognition that deceitful gatherings were going after truly helpless people. Then again, the Senior Life Insurance Settlement advertise has been seen decidedly. Commonly, the arrangement size with a Senior Settlement is enormous and the dealer of the approach is princely and spoken to by an expert monetary guide. Thus, it is for the most part seen as business that offers a significant assistance †the chance to get to esteems recently accepted to be difficult to reach. For the speculator, the offer is driven by a couple of components. To start with, the vender of the approach needs liquidity from the strategy during their lifetime. Another inspiration to sell is to dispense with the premiums that must be paid to keep the approach in power. During the time spent assessing the acquisition of a life coverage approach, the future of the dealer is a key determinant of the arrival to the financial specialist. Therefore, every dealer must have an assessment of their wellbeing. In view of the assessment (clinical endorsing), a future (ex) is built up, which decides the cost at which the approach is bought. In situations where the safeguarded endures longer than the anticipated life expectancy, the pace of come back to a financial specialist diminishes. By and large, these Senior Settlements are evaluated to deliver a yield in overabundance of 15% per annum. The nature of the clinical endorsing is the basic factor in creating suitable evaluating. Indeed, even with immaculate endorsing, it is basic for a financial specialist to have an adequate circulation of lives in the speculation pool. The pool ought to likewise have an appropriation of clinical issues, so as to maintain a strategic distance from focus chance. For financial specialists, life coverage settlements are extraordinary. The profits have no relationship to the financial exchange or loan fees. Returns are simply a component of the variables talked about above. The Market Extra security settlements started in the United States just in the most recent decade. They are currently developing as an advantage class dependent on shear volume potential. The absolute potential size of the life coverage settlement showcase is evaluated to incorporate around $108 billion1 of disaster protection in power. Most disaster protection settlements have futures running from 5 to 13 years, albeit some might be as short as one year. Interest for the Life Insurance Senior Settlements is now solid and can just develop as information on this money related option turns out to be more standard. As of now, there are 23 million1 individuals in the United States age 65 or more seasoned who have disaster protection approaches in power. Almost 8% of these approaches pass or are given up every year. LIMRA gauges that 97% of all term disaster protection items sold in the United States will be slipped by before any demise benefits are figured it out. As more individuals discover that their arrangements have an incentive in the auxiliary commercial center that surpasses the money give up esteem (basically that there is a superior option in contrast to slipping by or giving up the approach) †request is sure to develop. Since the Life Insurance Senior Settlements are still moderately new and obscure (industry gauges propose roughly 90% of monetary organizers and a much bigger level of buyers are not yet mindful of the accessibility of life coverage repayments), it is reasonable for expect that this market is ready to encounter amazing development throughout the following quite a long while. As of late, the alternative to sell an undesirable life coverage arrangement, for an expansive assortment of monetary arranging reasons notwithstanding money related need, has drastically expanded the quantity of individuals thinking about this choice. Accordingly, capital assets accessible to secure those strategies have been overpowered, making an enormous build-up of arrangements in the market. Showcasing The potential for a Senior Settlement happens when the soundness of a protected has disintegrated to the point that the normal estimation of things to come demise advantage, which can be acknowledged under a disaster protection arrangement, essentially surpasses the normal estimation of things to come foreseen premium installments. Verifiably, most policyholders didn't understand that their disaster protection strategies spoke to â€Å"hidden assets† which could be utilized to more readily accomplish their living objectives. Exchanges by and large happen, when the extra security strategy proprietor works with a protection specialist, money related organizer, or other monetary guide (â€Å"settlement broker†) who makes the proprietor mindful that there are choices accessible other than slipping by or giving up an unneeded life coverage approach. These settlement representatives discover the purchasers for the life coverage arrangement and secure the settlement. It is evaluated that of the 192,000 life coverage specialists and around 34,000 ensured budgetary organizers in the United States today, just 10% have working information on Senior Settlements. Subsequently, as the populace ages and information on Senior Settlements spreads, the potential exists for significant future development. Senior Settlements are another and quickly developing resource class. While Investment Bankers have seen Senior Settlements as perfect for contender for securitizations, the ongoing beginning of this advantage class, taken together with the elusive idea of the dangers related with anticipated incomes and the acquire complexities of any securitization, have made the securitization of Senior Settlements for the most part a hypothetical exercise. Accordingly, capital allotments to this market have would in general be knotty, best case scenario. The Company expects to source Senior Life Insurance Settlements in the auxiliary market from Life Insurance Settlements Companies, which have existing associations with overseeing general specialists and life coverage operators/representatives dynamic in this market. The board In spite of the fact that the Company will utilize outsiders to perform numerous capacities related with the assessment and acquisition of the extra security arrangements, it will give oversight of numerous capacities including the accompanying: Protection Policy Underwriting Clinical Underwriting Buying Policies Following/Servicing Purchased Policies The supervisory crew of the Company has significant ability in disaster protection, actuarial evaluating, bookkeeping, tax collection, capital markets, and extra security settlements. Speculation Returns An example of 500 Insured lives was utilized to decide the normal paces of return for financial specialists, and the unpredictability of the profits. The Insured lives displayed ran in ages from 65 to 89, with a normal age of 75. The net face measure of arrangements to be bought was $453.1 million, and the expected price tag was $115.9 million. Under the â€Å"base case† or â€Å"assumed case†, the arrival to financial specialists was resolved to be 19.0%. This foreseen pace of return is predictable with current estimating in the Senior Settlement advertise. In the expected

Compare the characteristics of two successful entrepreneurs who have achieve global success - Free Essay Example

Topic : Compare the characteristics of two successful entrepreneurs who have achieve global success. Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Jerry Yang, Walt Disney and so on. These were all the names often heard by us and often been a subject or topic discussed by everyone, no matter in school or in the work place as a motivation to each other. They are a few examples of globally succeeded entrepreneurs. Their products are well known and useful. For example, Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook, Steve Jobs created Apple products, Bill Gates created Microsoft and so on. Their products were used widely by all of us around the world. The things that everyone concerned about is, the characteristics in them that make them globally succeeded entrepreneurs and so well known. So, comparing the characteristics of two globally succeeded entrepreneurs would be the concern of this essay. The two entrepreneurs that would be compared are Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. They both have similarities in their characteristics such as they do not give up for what they love doing and they are innovative and creative. I. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates do not give up for what they love doing. Sub-point a: Steve Jobs does not give up on gaining knowledge in the field of technology despite the drop out of college. Evidence 1: Steve Jobs struggled during his schooling time as he realized that there were not much practical approach and applications could be done with school and he hated the formal schooling system. So, he dropped out of his college, Reed College in Portland after finished one semester. But this did not stop Steve Jobs to continually gain knowledge in the field of technology because this is what he is interested in. After dropping out of Reed College, Steve Jobs spent the next 18 months, dropping in on creative classes. Evidence 2: Later on, after he attended those creative classes, he began his career as a video game designer in Atari. But, after several months, h e quitted his job and travel to India to find spiritual enlightenment. After that, in 1976, Steve Jobs and Wozniak, a friend of Steve Jobs that he knew during his school time started to run Apple Company. The first product they launched was the Apple computers. From dropping out of College, attending creative classes, becoming a video game designer and starting the Apple products, this shows that Steve Jobs had never given up on his dream and what he loves doing. Sub-point b: Besides that, back to Bill Gates. He did not give up on writing programs and software for computer as he is interested in computer science. Evidence 1: Bill Gates attended public elementary school and the private Lakeside school. He discovered his interests in computer programs and software in the lakeside school when he was at the age of 13. The Mothers Club of the Lakeside school bought a teletype and computers for the students that time and this is where Bill Gates wrote his very first computer program s, that is, he wrote a tic-tac-toe program which allowed people to play it on computers. He skipped his mathematics classes to pursue his interests. Evidence 2: Moreover, Bill Gates and his 3 other friends sought time to study the system and hack into the system of the computer by exploiting bugs to get free computer time. However, four of the students, including Bill Gates were banned for the whole summer period by the Computer Centre Corporation (CCC) after they found out four of them exploited bugs into the system. The system that they hacked belonged to the CCC Company. But, at the end of the banned period, four of them were offered by CCC to find bugs in their software as an exchange of free computer time in CCC Company. Bill Gates did not waste his time by using computer that time. Instead, he used the time for CCC Company to study the source code for various programs. This shows that Bill Gates really interested in computer software and he did not give up on learning how t o write programs or software. II. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates both are innovative and creative too. Sub-point a: Steve Jobs put a lot of efforts and time at revolutionizing the computer industry. Evidence 1: Steve Jobs used what he learned in school, helping him create many of the Apple products. The first product that Steve Jobs created was the Apple I computer in the 1970s. The computer that Steve Jobs and his partner Wozniak created was a personal and user-friendly computer. It was sold for $666.66 each that time. Because of the uniqueness of the Apple I computer, it caused the Apple Company to earn an amount of $774,000. Evidence 2: After creating the Apple I computer, both Steve Jobs and Wozniak were working together to invent a smaller, cheaper, accessible, and convenient products. Then, the Apple II computer, the second product of Apple Company was created. This time, it helps the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sales to be increased by 700 percent that is, making a prof it of $139 million. Then, more and more Apple products were created by Steve Jobs such as iPod, iMac, iPhone and a lot more. Because of the creativity that Steve Jobs had, it helped a lot of the people and this is a very great contribution to the technology world. Sub-point b: As for Bill Gates, he used his creativity to create the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest software business. Evidence 1: In 1973, Bill Gates entered Harvard University as freshman. During his time at Harvard, Bill Gates used his knowledge on programming software to develop a version of programming language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“BASICà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for the first micro-computer that is, the MITS Altair. Because of the creative thinking of Bill Gates and the knowledge that he had obtained when he was in the CCC Company, the BASIC programming language was created. Evidence 2: Bill Gates then left Harvard University in 1975, during his junior year. After he left Harvard, he joined his childhood friend, Paul Alle n to run their own company, the Microsoft Company. During the first few years at Microsoft, Bill Gates continue to write code for programs and he review all the software program code line by line and rewrite it. He then creates more and more software with his creativity and this led to the approach of the IBM Company to Microsoft in 1980 regarding its upcoming personal computer, IBM PC. If Bill Gates was not creative enough to create all the software that are useful, there would not be such useful software exists and this is a great contribution too. In conclusion, both Steve Jobs and Bill Gates could achieve such success globally because of the characteristics they had. They do not give up on what they love doing and they are innovative and creative. They think out of the box and they do not afraid to move out the first step that could lead to the changes to them. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates gave us a lot of motivation and inspired us a lot to continue what we love doing and achie ve our dreams, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To be or not to be, that is the questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This popular quote from Shakespeare had explained its meaning through the stories of Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. Reference list Joanne, J. (2013). Inspirational Story: Steve Jobs. Dyslexia, 30, 5-7. Mary, B. (2014). Steve Jobs. About.com Investor website. Retrieved 08 Apr 2014, from https://inventors.about.com/od/ijstartinventors/p/Steve- Jobs.htm. Rinearson, P. (1995). The road ahead. New York: Anchor. Steven, J. (2012). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 05 Apr 2014, from https://www.biography.com/people/steve-jobs-9354805. Simon, S., Erin, M. (2014). Bill Gates masters D.C. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  and the world. Politico, 45, 10-12. Walter, I. (2013). Steve Jobs. Washington, D.C: Amazon. William, H., G., (2009). Bill Gates Biography. The Biography.com website. Retrieved 08 Apr 2014, from https://www.biography.com/people/bill-gates-9307520.

The Rise of the Design Democracy

I want to show you something. This is a snapshot of Apple's website from 1997—twenty-one years ago. And here's what it looks like now. In two decades, the digital world has transformed the way brands present themselves—and the bar for quality design is getting higher all the time. The world now expects great design. Now, let me ask you a question: Who is responsible for delivering great design? Ten or twenty years ago, the answer was easy. Brand marketing was handled by a small group of experts who controlled every aspect of a company's message as it was delivered to a mass audience. But like it did to everything else, the internet changed all that. Today, nearly everyone is a content creator. Not just your marketers, but your sales team, your customer service team, your other employees, your vendors and partners. All of them are representing your brand to fragmented audiences on endless channels: web, email, social media, direct mail, etc. Back then: Eight guys went into a boardroom to strategize on one commercial that represented your brand to millions of people. Now: Employees across the company make decisions every day on how to represent your brand to the audiences they interact with. Design has been democratized. This means brands are producing more content than ever. A 2014 study by Content Marketing Institute found that 72% of organizations say they're producing significantly more content than they did a year ago. If that was true in 2014, think how much more true it is today. So, what happens when the rising, urgent need for branded content turns everyone into content creators? You get, well... bad design. And listen, I'm not here to make fun of bad design. It's all well-intentioned, and as a startup ourselves, we understand the time/resource crunch as well as anyone. But in a world that expects great design, brands can't afford to let this slide. The landscape After all, the odds are already stacked against you. 50% of the S&P 500 will disappear by 2027—just ten years from now. Their average lifespans are decreasing, from 33 years in 1964 to 24 years in 2016. In 2027, the average lifespan for an S&P 500 company is only expected to be 12 years. But. But. Design-centric companies outperform the others. Companies like Apple, Coca-Cola, Nike, Starbucks, Target and Disney have invested heavily in great design. According to the Design Management Institute, companies like these have experienced a marked increase in their design value index, outpacing their S&P peers by 211%. We recognize these names as some of the world's strongest, most valuable brands. This is not a coincidence. Michael Eisner, former CEO of Disney, outlines all of this neatly with an observation: A brand is a living entity—and it is enriched or undermined cumulatively over time, the product of a thousand small gestures. Gestures like... an email. A social media post. An event flyer. The kind of things employees at every level of your company are creating every day. The world now expects great design. And what design-centric companies have figured out is how to deliver great design consistently, every time someone interacts with their brand. In other words, they've leaned into the design democracy. So now we have two types of businesses: Those who allow employees to create off-brand content, which stunts brand growth. Those who scale great design across all channels to build a strong, consistent brand. I'm willing to bet you can guess which side the winners are on. The challenge So, how do winning brands scale great design? It's not as easy as flipping a switch and declaring that you care about design. It requires a new understanding of what great design is. Great design is based on well-understood brand guidelines. Great design is consistent across every channel. Great design delivers personalized and relevant experiences. Great design is easy for all (not a select few) to replicate. Why aren't more companies embracing this definition and cultivating winning brands? In my time at Lucidpress, I've had the opportunity to observe many companies who are struggling to scale great design. The vast majority are trapped in one of two camps: the brand prison or the Wild West. In the brand prison, a central creative team controls all content (much like it used to be in the old days). Designers are overloaded and stressed because the demand for content is increasing, but their system is not scalable. And, whether you realize it or not, many employees are taking matters into their own hands, creating off-brand, renegade content that dilutes your message. In the Wild West, there are no rules or brand guidelines. Everyone creates their own branded content without guidance or direction, and as a result, your brand suffers from a lack of consistent identity. The market is confused about who you really are, and they don't know which messages to trust. Do either of these scenarios ring true for your business? If so, I'm really excited to be talking with you, because there is a better way. At Lucidpress, we call it brand templating. Introducing brand templating Earlier, I defined great design as having the following attributes: based on brand guidelines consistent personalized easy to replicate By incorporating each of these elements in our software, Lucidpress has developed a process to help brands scale their design. We call it brand templating, and here's how it works. Create a template from scratch, or import an existing one from InDesign. Lock down the important elements of your brand: logos, fonts, colors, etc. Give non-designers access to customize the template with approved brand assets. Distribute the document via web, print, email, social media—whatever channel it's destined for. The results of implementing this process are profound. Customers who use Lucidpress for brand templating see a huge difference in the consistency of their content: "We needed a new marketing system," said Kwan Cheung of MHA. "Each location operated completely independently, with no commonality or branding. We needed unity, and Lucidpress gave us that." Our customers also enjoy increased efficiency, reducing the stress and workload of their creative teams without sacrificing brand integrity: "Before Lucidpress, we always had to start from scratch with our designs. Now our Lucidpress templates help us stay consistent across the board," said Saroya Wronski of The Bar Method. Claudia Sherman of Club Pilates puts this in numerical perspective: "In the past 7 months we've been able to get almost 300 pieces of creative up for our franchisees using Lucidpress." Again and again, we've seen how transformative brand templating can be for our customers, to the point that they would never go back. What if we took Lucidpress away? Which brings us to today, as Lucid Software announces $72 million in Series C funding. What will this funding mean for Lucidpress? It means we continue to refine the brand templating process, making it easier for people to administer and customize their templates. It means we elevate more brands, so that their customers and audiences know who they really are. We've reached over 5 million users so far. Only a few billion more to go. The design democracy is here; there is no turning back. The world expects great design—and with Lucidpress, brands of every shape and size can deliver it. —Owen Fuller, General Manager at Lucidpress Further reading: [Report] The impact of brand consistency [Webinar] 4 tips to more consistent brand marketing [Blog] How to survive the democratization of content creation [eBook] In-house creative teams: How to get more output in half the time Bonus: Download the ebook! View & download The rise of the design democracy

What Is the Kennewick Man Controversy About

The Kennewick Man news story is one of the most important archaeology stories of modern times. The discovery of Kennewick Man, the vast amount of public confusion over what he represents, the Federal governments attempt to settle the case out of court, the suit pressed by scientists, the objections raised by the Native American community, the rulings of the court and, eventually, the analysis of the remains; all of these issues have affected how scientists, Native Americans, and the Federal governmental bodies conduct work and how that work is scrutinized by the public.This series was begun in 1998, after the news program Sixty Minutes broke the story in a 12-minute segment. Normally, twelve minutes is generous for an archaeology story, but this is not a normal archaeology story. The Discovery of Kennewick Man In 1996, there was a boat race on the Columbia River, near Kennewick, in Washington State, in the extreme northwestern United States. Two fans pulled ashore to get a good viewpoint of the race, and, in the shallow water at the edge of the bank, they found a human skull. They took the skull to the county coroner, who passed it to archaeologist James Chatters. Chatters and others went to the Columbia and retrieved a nearly complete human skeleton, with a long, narrow face suggestive of a person of European descent. But the skeleton was confusing to Chatters; he noticed that the teeth had no cavities and for a 40-50-year-old man (the most recent studies  suggest he was in his thirties), the teeth were extremely ground down. Cavities are the result of a corn-based (or sugar-enhanced) diet; grinding damage usually results from grit in the diet. Most modern people dont have grit in their food  but do consume sugar in some form and so do have cavities. And Chatters spotted a projectile point embedded in his right pelvis, a Cascade point, normally dated between 5,000 and 9,000 years before the present. It was clear that the point had been there while the individual was alive; the lesion in the bone had partially healed. Chatters sent off a bit of the bone to be ​radiocarbon dated. Imagine his astonishment when he received the radiocarbon date as over 9,000 years ago.That stretch of the Columbia River is maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers; that same stretch of the river is considered by the Umatilla tribe (and five others) as part of their traditional homeland. According to the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act, signed into law by President George H. W. Bush in 1990, if human remains are found on federal lands and their cultural affiliation can be established, the bones must be returned to the affiliated tribe. The Umatillas  made a formal claim to the bones; the Army Corps agreed with their claim and began the process of repa triation.   Unresolved Questions But the Kennewick man problem isnt that simple; he represents a part of a problem which archaeologists have yet to solve. For the past thirty years or so, weve believed that the peopling of the American continent took place around 12,000 years ago, in three separate waves, from three separate parts of the world. But recent evidence has begun to indicate a vastly more complicated settlement pattern, a steady influx of small groups from different parts of the world, and probably somewhat earlier than we had assumed. Some of these groups lived, some may have died out. We just dont know and Kennewick Man was considered too important a piece of the puzzle for archaeologists to let him go unanalyzed without a fight. Eight scientists sued for the right to study the Kennewick materials prior to their reburial. In September 1998, a judgment was reached, and the bones were sent to a Seattle museum on Friday, October 30th, to be studied. That wasnt the end of it of course. It took a protracted legal debate until researchers were allowed access to the Kennewick Man materials in 2005, and results finally began to reach the public in 2006.br/>The political battles over the Kennewick man were framed in a large part by people who want to know to what race he belongs. Yet, the evidence reflected in the Kennewick materials is further proof that race is not what we think it is. The Kennewick man  and most of the Paleo-Indian and archaic human skeletal materials that weve found to date are not Indian, nor are they European. They dont fit into ANY category that we define as a race. Those terms are meaningless in prehistory as long ago as 9,000 years--and in fact, if you want to know the truth, there are NO clearcut scientific definitions of race.

Why Do Termites Follow Ink Trails

Ballpoint pen manufacturers dont seem keen on advertising a little known but well-documented feature of their products: the ink from these pens attracts termites! Draw a line with a ballpoint pen, and termites will blindly—literally, blindly—follow it across the page. Why? Heres a look at the science behind this odd phenomenon. How Termites See the World Termites are social insects. They live in colonies in which individual termites perform specific roles to benefit the community. Like ants and honey bees, social termites must communicate with other members of the colony to share important information. However, nearly all termites are blind and deaf, so how do they communicate with each other? The answer is they use natural chemical scents called pheromones. Pheromones have chemical signals that relay information. Termites secrete these communication compounds from special glands on their bodies and detect pheromones through the use of chemoreceptors on their antennae. Termites produce different pheromones for different purposes: to find mates, to warn other colony members of danger, to determine which termites belong to the colony and which dont, to direct foraging activities, and to locate food sources. When blind termite workers wander out into the world, they need a way to let the other termites know where they are going, and they also need something to mark the way back. Trail pheromones are chemical markers that lead termites along a path to food and help them return to the colony once theyve found it. Termite workers following trail pheromones march along the designated path, sniffing their way forward with their antennae. Why Termites Follow Ink Trails Termites occasionally follow trails that arent produced by other termites if the substance contains compounds that mimic trail pheromones. Certain fatty acids and alcohols seem to confuse traveling termites, for example. Quite by accident (presumably), the makers of Papermate ® pens have managed to produce an ink that reliably mimics a termite trail pheromone. Draw a circle, line, or even a figure eight with one of these magic termite-magnet pens, and the termites will march along with your doodle with their antennae to the paper.​ Using gas chromatography, scientists have isolated a substance called 2-phenoxyethanol, a volatile compound that functions as a drying agent in the ink of certain ballpoint pens, and identified it as the likely termite attractant. However, 2-phenoxyethanol isnt present in all types of ink. Termites arent inclined to follow trails of black or red ink, nor do they traipse along lines drawn with felt-tip pens or rollerball pens. Termites are brand loyal consumers as well. Their marked preference is for blue ink pens made by Papermate ® and Bic ® Termite Ink Trails in the Classroom Using ink trails is an entertaining and instructive way for students to explore termite behavior and to investigate how pheromones work. The Termite Trails lab has become a standard inquiry activity in many science classrooms. If youre a teacher interested in trying the Termite Trails lab,  sample lesson plans and resources are readily available online.

Experiences at Caribbean Union College-Personal Narrative...

Experiences at Caribbean Union College-Personal Narrative Leaving home to study at Caribbean union college gave me several positive and negative experiences I will never forget. I arrived in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on the 6th of September 2001.from there I had a long drive from the Piarco International airport to maracas valley, st. Joseph. On arrival, students from several parts of the world greeted me. It was from there on I had several experiences. Firstly, after coming to Caribbean Union College, I have been able to become a more responsible person. As a matter of fact, I have been able to wash and iron for myself. Secondly, since this institution is a religious one, I have become a more spiritual person, so†¦show more content†¦About three weeks after I started the program, I lost ten pounds (10lbs). I was so impressed that I am presently thinking of playing football, in which I think I will burn more fat. My clothing fits me better, and most of all, I feel healthier and I move around easier. Just attending college my self-esteem has increased and I am looking towards the future, where I plan to open my own trucking and construction company. I also plan to franchise it throughout the Caribbean in time to come. While I have had several positive and negative experiences at Caribbean Union College, I have also had several ones. Firstly, living in the dormitory is very irritating and challenging for me, because its physical appearance is very poor. Just to mention one of many problems, termites are presently eating away the wardrobe and cupboards, wood ants in the roof and sleeping on very thin mattresses. In addition to that, since living here, I have lost contact with my television programs, because the senior dorm students are always in the television room. Another thing is that everyday both morning and evenings; I have to go to worship, and what makes me feel uncomfortable is to sign an attendance slip, which to me, is forcing people to go to worship. However, the thing that irritates me the most is the unhealthy way I have to wake up in the mornings, the Chaplin gets up very early and goes and talks on the PA system andShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswhat we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. 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The United States Economy Recession Policy Recommendations

The United States economy: Recession policy recommendations According to classical Keynesian theory, the best way to deal with a recession is for the government to spend at a deficit to stimulate demand. Waiting for the business cycle to rectify itself, at least during a very severe economic downturn, shows little understanding of real world economic and psychological wisdom. When people are worried about losing their jobs, they spend less and hide money under the mattress. They do not buy consumer goods, borrow money, or begin new enterprises (Chapter 4, 2013). As a result of this contraction in demand, employers likewise begin to cut back on production and only try to sell their unsold inventory. Eventually, they have to let workers go. Keynes suggested that by spending money through public work projects, the government could temporarily assume the role of private industry by providing jobs (Chapter 4, 2013). 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CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................ INTRODUCTION Our country is currently in an election year, both parties are far apart on the best path for our economy. The British voters decided to exit the European Union, a change that will have an impact on global economies with the full effect of this decision still unknown. Read MoreAnalyzing The Current And Future Economic Status Of Ohio1276 Words   |  6 Pagesdefine recession and depression in order to put these matters in the right perspective. 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Demand Curve free essay sample

Determining the demand for a product is often the responsibility of the strategic marketer. (a) Define and describe the â€Å"demand curve†. (b) Assess what information may be helpful to the strategic marketer in order to determine demand. (c) Discuss the factors that may create a fluctuation in demand. The demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at that given price. It is a graphic representation of a demand schedule. The demand curve for all consumers together follows from the demand curve of every individual consumer: the individual demands at each price are added together. Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in competitive markets, and are often combined with supply curves to estimate the equilibrium price (the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the same amount as buyers together are willing to buy, also known as market clearing price) and the equilibrium quantity (the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus/excess supply or shortage/excess demand) of that market. In a monopolistic market, the demand curve facing the monopolist is simply the market demand curve. According to convention, the demand curve is drawn with price on the vertical (y) axis and quantity on the horizontal (x) axis. The function actually plotted is the inverse demand function. The demand curve usually slopes downwards from left to right; that is, it has a negative association. The negative slope is often referred to as the law of demand, which means people will buy more of a service, product, or resource as its price falls. The demand curve is related to the marginal utility curve, since the price one is willing to pay depends on the utility. However, the demand directly depends on the income of an individual while the utility does not. Thus it may change indirectly due to change in demand for other commodities. Information to determine demand Levels of income A key determinant of demand is the level of income evident in the appropriate country or region under analysis. As a generality, the higher the level of aggregate and/or personal income the higher the demand for a typical commodity, including forest products. More of a good or service will be hosen at a given price where income is higher. Thus determinants of demand normally utilize some form of income measure, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Population Population is of course a key determinant of demand. Although all forest products do not necessarily enter final consumer markets, the actual markets are largely presumed to be functionally related to population. Growing populations are positively correlated to timber demands in the aggregate, as well as specifically to individual forest products. Frequently, population and income estimators are combined, as in the case of the use of Gross Domestic Product per capita. End market indicators The use of end market indicators as determinants of demand is frequently incorporated into demand analysis. For example, much of the final use of forest products is linked to construction (residential and total). Indicators and trends related to construction activities, or which are determinants of construction, provide indirect estimates of the influence of these activities as the source of derived demand for wood. Housing starts, public investments, interest rates, etc. can be highly correlated to timber demand. Availability and price of substitute goods Consumption choices related to timber are also influenced by the alternative options facing users in the relevant marketplace. The availability of potential substitute products, and their prices, weigh heavily in determining the elasticity of demand, both in the short run (static) sense and over time (long run). Fuelwood, as a dominant use of timber in the Asia Pacific Region, reflects conditions of very limited options for energy sources at reasonable prices. Rural low income or subsistence populations simply do not have options regarding energy they use wood or go without. Demand, at this basic level, in almost perfectly inelastic. The cost (if only implicit in terms of gathering time) does not materially affect consumption quantity. Suitability of alternative goods and services is, in part, a question of knowledge as well as availability. Market information regarding alternative products, quality, convenience, and dependability all influence choices. Under conditions of increased scarcity and rising prices for tropical hardwood panels, for example, users have a positive incentive to search for and investigate the suitability of alternatives that were previously overlooked or ignored. Tastes and preferences All markets are shaped by collective and individual tastes and preferences. These patterns are partly shaped by culture and partly implanted by information and knowledge of products and services (including the influence of advertising). Different societies use forest products differently because of these differences in taste and preferences. For example, markets for wood products in Japan are commonly recognized as requiring very high product quality standards, the importance of visual attributes of wood, and other preferences not commonly found in many other markets. Factors that may create a fluctuation in demand Innumerable factors and circumstances could affect a buyers willingness or ability to buy a good. Some of the more common factors are: * Changes in Prices of Related Goods: Think about items that go together, or are Complements for each other. If the price of either product changes it affects the other product. An example might be peanut butter and jelly. Assuming most people eat PB and jelly together. What happens if the price of PB increases? If you like PB and jelly together, then you are now going to purchase less jelly. Not because you like either product any less, but only because you aren’t buying as much of one so you don’t need as much of the other. Another example might be steak and chicken, these things are usually considered to be Substitutes; meaning that they replace each other. So if the price of chicken goes down, then people buy more chicken and less steak†¦ simply because it’s cheaper not because you like steak any less. Nothing happened to steak, it still costs the same amount, only now the other option is cheaper so people buy less. In this example you would move along the Demand Curve for chicken (because the price changed) and you would shift the Demand Curve for steak to the left because your desire to purchase steak decreased. Changes in Income and Wealth: Changes in Income or Wealth cause your demand to change. Think about all the junk you eat now because it’s cheap, Mac ‘n Cheese, Ramen Noodles, $1 menu items at McDonalds, etc†¦. If you were offered a job tomorrow making $100,000 a year what would you buy when you went grocery shopping; are you still going to buy as much Mac ‘n Cheese and Ramen Noodles? For most people the answer is no, you are going to spend less money on these items despite the fact that you have more money overall to spend. In this case, Mac n Cheese would be an Inferior Good. Inferior Goods are goods you buy less of when you have more money. Inferior Goods are goods you buy because you can’t afford the things you really want. Some people may say that they really, really like Ramen Noodles. For those people, they would probably purchase more if their income increased. For those people Ramen would be considered a Normal Good. A Normal Good is something you buy more of as your income increases. Note: At this point we do need to make the distinction between Wealth and Income. Income is the amount of money your paycheck is for; while wealth is all the other money you have. If you win the lottery and quit your job, then you have no income but a great amount of wealth. Either one of these will cause your demand to change, but it is important to know the difference between the two for later in the course. Changes in Tastes and Fads: People have changes in taste all the time. Look at fashion, would you still be willing to buy the same clothes you bought 10 years ago? If you would be willing to, are you still willing to pay the prices you paid then? As peoples tastes change it changes how much they are willing to spend, pushing that Demand Curve either to the right (they are willing to pay more and/or purchase more) or pull it to the left (they aren’t going to spend as much money on this product and don’t want as much of it). Changes in Expectations: Expectation is what you think will happen tomorrow. For example those students who have student loans are spending money now, because they anticipate an education will earn them more future income. They have the expectation that they will get a higher paying job, this higher paying job will allow them to afford the higher loan payments and still end up with more disposable income than they would have earned without schooling. They have no problem spending thousands of dollars a year now, despite the fact that they don’t have that kind of money. In Graduate School, the expectation is that you will make more money†¦ so you are willing to spend more money by taking out more loans, and purchasing more courses.

Favorite Pet free essay sample

Humans have made pets of animals for thousands of years. From something as common as a cat to something as exotic as a lion, history has shown that humans have kept such animals as pets. However, there is one animal that stands out above the rest. Time after time, dogs have proven themselves to be loyal, protective and loving companions. This is why they make the best pet to adopt. The first reason why dogs make the best pets to adopt is because of their loyalty to their owner. They have been know to wait for years for their master to return. That kind of loyalty touches the heart deep down inside. If only humans could be that loyal. Unless they have been severely mistreated, it is almost impossible to get a dog to turn against his master. Again, this elevates the dog above many humans. Wives have been know to turn against their husbands, husbands against their wives and children against their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Favorite Pet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dogs are truly loyal creatures. The second reason why a dog is the best pet to adopt is because they are protective. There are many instances of dogs rushing to defend their owners against attackers. Sometimes they do this at the cost of their own lives. I wonder how many people would as willingly risk their life for another human being. Dogs are routinely used to protect property, being made to stay outside in all kinds of weather just to do that job. Even people who dont like dogs very much will use them for this purpose. I think this is pretty awful. The final reason why a dog is the best pet to adopt is because dogs are loving companions. Dogs dont have dad moods. You never have to worry when you come through the door at the end of a hard day if your dog is going to be happy to see you! Of course he is! Dont you wish all people were like that? Many books and articles have been written on how a dogs love can restore a persons health and bring back their will to live. In my life, there have been many times when the comfort of my dogs love meant very much to me. Dogs seem to have a way of understanding you and somehow sharing your burdens and sorrows. They are equally adept at sharing your happiness and can make a good day even brighter. There are millions of dogs and cats that sit in shelters waiting for some person to come take them home every day of the week. Millions more are euthanized due to a lack of space or funding in the shelter each year. While many people may feel that a pure-bred animal with papers is the only way to get a good dog or cat, this is completely untrue. There are millions of deserving animals that just want a home and family. While it may seem that there are disadvantages to adopting a pet from a shelter, the benefits far outweigh any negatives to adopting an animal. One of the biggest benefits of adopting a shelter animal is that the fee to adopt the pet is far less than anything a breeder or pet store will charge. Many shelters offer their pets for minimal fees in order to facilitate adoption. In addition, the animals will generally come with a microchip already imbedded as well as have already been altered. These are two costs that you will not have to incur after taking your dog home. Pets from shelters also come with all of their shots and have been de-wormed, something that frequently cant be said for pet shop animals. Another huge benefit of adopting a pet from a shelter is that mature animals are available. By adopting a mature pet, your family doesnt have to go through extremely destructive phase of chewing or housebreaking, in many cases. Another advantage is that the dog or cat is full grown. If your family with limited space available, it is a good idea to adopt a full-grown pet rather than a puppy because the dog wont grow anymore. The dog or cats temperament is also already known at the time of adoption. This is very important, particularly for you because you will have your dog will be around your children a lot. Dogs have proven themselves time after time to be loyal, loving, and protective animals therefore making them the best pets to adopt and to have around your family. They will be loyal, loving, and protective even to your children.

Scientology Religion Or Bizarre Cult Essays -

Scientology: Religion Or Bizarre Cult? English 150 Sean Roberts Dec. 13/99 Scientology New Age Religion or Bizarre Cult? 1. Many people have heard of the revolutionary new religious practice called Scientology. However, the majority of people who have heard of it, have little knowledge of the principles and practices behind the religion. In fact, there is a dark side behind Scientology, and much speculation that the religion is a brainwashing cult. Many people are opposed to the religion because of its secretiveness, its extreme methods of teaching and its alleged use of mind control. Scientology, founded in 1950 (Hubbard. What is. 3), is an applied religious philosophy (Hubbard. What is. 4), which is a branch of psychology (Fundamentals. 7). Developed by Lafayette Ron Hubbard, Scientology was created from discoveries resulting from Hubbard's research into the mind and life (Fundamentals. 11). Hubbard claimed that Scientology is for the betterment of man (Fundamentals. 117), and that Scientology can be used by an average person to bring better order to their life (Fundamentals. 8). Hubbard claimed that Scientology improves the health, intelligence, ability, behavior, skill and appearance of the average person (Fundamentals. 8). One of the most fundamental ideas in Scientology is the belief that the individual man is divisible into three parts (Hubbard. What is. 5-6): The Mind, the Body and the Thetan. Hubbard believed that the Thetan, or personality of a person, is separable from the rest of the mind at will, and without causing bodily death or mental derangement (Fundamentals. 5-6). Hubbard was born in Tilden, Nebraska in 1911 (Malko 29). It is known that Hubbard was raised on a Montana cattle ranch by his grandfather (Malko 30), however little else is known about the first thirty years of his life (Malko 29). Hubbard's past is best summed up by George Malko, Nothing is ever precise, 2. and we are never sure when and under what circumstances he did something or went someplace (Malko 29). There are highly inflated claims (Mallia. Judge.1) that Hubbard traveled throughout Asia at age fourteen (Malko 31), and that he left college to lead an expedition into Central America (Malko 32). However it is known that Hubbard was a science-fiction writer and was a familiar name to American science-fiction fans before venturing into religious philosophy (Malko 34). Hubbard was a bright man, and accepted by many who read his work and who knew him. Hubbard died of a brain hemorrhage on the 24th of January, 1986 (Corydon 406). Hubbard's science-fiction writings, described as bold and highly imaginative(Malko 34) are particularly interesting because they offer insights into Hubbard's sense of fantasy and imagination (Malko 34). His science-fiction writings also expose certain parallels to particular Scientology principles and beliefs (Hubbard. Fundamentals. 35). According to Church of Scientology documents, humans first came to earth from outer space 75 million years ago, sent into exile here by an evil warlord named Xenu (Mallia. Sacred. 1). Scientology is chiefly employed through the processing of an individual (Hubbard. Fundamentals. 91-92). Scientologists refer to this procedure as auditing, while the person who carries out the processing is called an auditor. (Hubbard. Fundamentals. 92). The auditor makes people, at their own choice, do various exercises, and these exercises bring about changes for the better in intelligence, behavior and general competence (Hubbard. Fundamentals. 8). An auditor must follow a strict, and somewhat bizarre set of rules when processing an individual (Hubbard. Fundamentals. 92). These rules, laid out in the auditor's code, include 3. Do not process an individual after 10 p.m. and Do not process an individual who is improperly fed or hungry (Hubbard. What is. 191). The auditing process is assisted by the use of a specially designed tool called an Electro-psychometer, or E-meter (Mallia. Sacred. 2), which helps the auditor locate areas of spiritual distress or travail (Baskin 1). Like a lie detector, the E-meter sends a mild electrical current of 1.5 volts through the body while the patient holds a metallic cylinder in each hand (Mallia. Sacred. 2). Scientologists believe that the pictures in the mind contain energy and mass (Baskin 1). When a person holding the E-meter electrodes thinks a thought, looks at a picture or shifts some part of the reactive mind, he is changing this mental mass and energy (Baskin 1). It

The Gordon Rule Essay Sample - Is This the Best Way to Write an Essay?

The Gordon Rule Essay Sample - Is This the Best Way to Write an Essay?If you're struggling with writing an essay, you've probably seen the Gordon Rule essay sample. It's a little lengthy, and it doesn't offer a lot of advice on how to write an essay. Some people might argue that this is the worst way to go about writing one, but I don't think that's entirely fair. The Gordon Rule isn't an essay, per se, but it does provide valuable insight into the many different types of essays.First of all, what is an essay? Basically, it's a statement that's written in a particular order. The best essay, the one that should get you the highest grade, is one that flows smoothly from beginning to end.Writers who struggle with this don't just have a problem with the words themselves. They have a problem with the structure of the essay. The author isn't focused on the outcome. In fact, he or she just isn't prepared to work on the structure and pacing. For writers who struggle with this, the best thing to do is to learn about the structure of the essay and how to structure one, and then just go from there.The structure of an essay is simply the process by which a writer (you) puts together a book of stories. You need to prepare three basic things: a beginning, middle, and end. Once you learn the first part, you can start to expand outwards.A writer without an overall structure will likely find that the project becomes overwhelmed with too many thoughts. Even if you've planned for all of the possible angles of an argument, it can be difficult to organize them all. Your thoughts might be scattered throughout your thoughts, or you might not even realize that you're thinking them. All of these things can easily lead to a mess of an essay.This is why it's so important to learn the basics before you begin working on your essay. Don't think that the Gordon Rule essay sample is the best way to go about it. Those tips are better than nothing, but they're nowhere near as thorough as learni ng all about the structure of an essay. If you want to write a great essay, the first step is learning about the proper structure of the essay.If you're going to write an essay, you should be at least slightly familiar with the subject matter. If you aren't, it's still possible to write an essay. All you need to do is learn about the subject and then start from there. There are plenty of resources online that teach you about the structure of an essay. Make sure that you search out some of the best resources, because they'll give you the best insight.After you've done that, the actual task of completing your entire essay will be much easier. You won't be overwhelmed with a book of stories, and you won't be afraid to express yourself. At the end of the day, you'll have something that looks pretty good.

Thrones of Ancient Maya essays

Thrones of Ancient Maya essays The article that I studied is entitled Thrones and Throne Structures in the Central Acropolis of Tikal as an Expression of the Royal Court, by Peter D. Harrison. In this article it shows that you may use the varieties of reception thrones as evidence of court function. Some other topics are on the source material for the construction of thrones and decoration (or lack of) and reasons for it. Some of the functions that were used from the throne were reception of tribute goods, reception of prisoners involving presence of military guards, reception of visiting dignitaries displaying royalty, ritual divination, and possibly even accession rituals. This wide use of thrones in Tikal was compared to other cultures royal courts, including the court of Louis XIV in France and the royal Inka court of Cuzco. The examiners found that markers of these courts all included the use of livery (clothing showing especially high rank), use of thrones, and the association of church and state. Tikals thrones are the simplest, plainest, least-decorated thrones in the lowlands of Ancient Maya. Highly decorated thrones are smaller and are thought to be less powerful than those in Tikal. We go on to find that even though this was a large city with great political influence and wealth, they seated their highest officials on the plainest of thrones. The author does remind us that even though there seems to be an apparent absence in decoration, there is a variety of form and context of Tikal thrones. It is noted that masonry-constructed benches were a Late Classic (A.D. 650-900) phenomenon in Tikal because there are no Early Classic (A.D. 292-650) examples existing in the Central Acropolis. We find that this is because the native stone to Tikal did not have high tensile strength so they used the medium of wood, which gave way for their famous intricate lintel carvings. When the benches and thrones in masonry form were finally introd...

Asian Philosophies of Critical Thinking

Asian Philosophies of Critical Thinking Essay EXTENDED ESSAYAsian Philosophies of Critical Thinking: divergent or convergent to westernestablishments?MAY 2003 AbstractThe research question of this extended essay came across at a very earlystage in my life. Having been born and developed from a family with all itsmembers being University instructors and professors, I was often involvedin arguments related to the lack of critical thinking in Asian cultures. AsI got older, having had the chance to emerge in different cultures, Istarted to develop my own viewpoints and answers. I started to wonder aboutthe truth between the real differences of Asian and Western philosophies ofcritical thinking. This extended essay, intended to be a research andinvestigation, bearing the title Asian Philosophies of Critical Thinking:divergent or convergent to Western establishments? is in fact howevermerely just a summary of my viewpoints and answers which I have developedthroughout the years. In the first section of the essay, Logical Tradition in India and China Iwill attempt to give evidence of critical thinking in two Asian culturesthat I have chosen; namely India and China. In India, I will argue thatcritical thinking is clearly visible in historical texts such as the Carakaand Nyayasutra. This is presented as the well-known five-membered argument,a system of logical deduction, similar to the Aristotelian syllogism foundin the west. In China I would focus mainly on the two schools of logicalthought, the Mohists and the Logicians. For the Mohists I would argue thatcritical thinking is a vital element in the building of what they callmental models. For the Logicians, I would study deeply the writings ofHui Shih and Kungsun Lung, I would show that in fact both of them developedsystems of logical and paradoxical thinking that could well serve as thefoundations of modern science. If critical thinking is clearly presentable in these Asian cultures thenwhy are there still concerns for introducing it to them? This is thequestion I intend to answer in the latter section Needhams Grand Questionand Fullers Interpretation. During this section, I would also show thatdiscussions of modern science seem to enable us to see how the tradition ofcritical thinking arose and how they were promoted or discouraged. I wouldcover how Asian historical, economic, social and cultural factors have abig influence on their development of critical thinking. Lastly I wouldshow how the prioritization of a civilization has a devastating effect ondeciding the future road they intend to walk. In conclusion, I would argue that since the philosophy of a culture is butan abstract and theoretical expression and justification of the culturesdecision to choose one set of priorities over another, Asian philosophy andcritical thinking are neither necessarily divergentnornecessarilyconvergent to western establishments. Contents|Introduction|4|||||Logical Tradition in India and|4||China||||||Needhams Grand Question and|7||Fullers Interpretation||||||Asian Philosophy and Critical|8||Thinking: Divergence or|||Convergence?||||||Conclusion|9|||||Bibliography|10 |||||References|11 ||||Asian Philosophies of Critical Thinking: divergent or convergent to westernestablishments?By Clement NgIntroductionIt is widely recognized nowadays that critical thinking has become anecessary ingredient in all levels of education. Educators and educationalpolicy makers agree that one of the desirable goals of education is thatstudents are able to think critically. Throughout the past few years, manyhave felt the need to consider critical thinking more seriously ineducational programs. At the moment several different acts are beingconsidered around the world by various factors and agencies. The core ofthese proposed acts is the idea that the students are able to thinkcritically and independently. Although there are widespr ead disagreementson what critical thinking actually is,1 there is an agreement that it hasbecome very important in the world overwhelmed by huge amountsofinformation. Some Western educators who teach at schools or universities in a number ofAsian countries have voiced their difficulties and problems they encounterwhile trying to teach critical thinking and other related skills to Asianstudents. Bruce Davidson (1998) argues that a set of Japanese culturalfactors act as a kind of barrier against teaching critical thinking tostudents. Atkinson (1999) goes so far as to argue that critical thinking isculturally specific, and is a part of the social practices of the Westhaving no place within Asian cultures, which do not adopt such practices. What these educators have in common is the feeling that some elements inAsian cultures do prevent the full realization of critical thinking skillsin the students. Most of these elements perceived by Western educators inAsia are quite well knownthe beliefs that teachers are superior andalways right, that knowledge is not to be made here and now, but existseternally, so to speak, to be handed down by teachers, that social harmonyis to be preferred rather than asking probing questionsto mention just afew. Is critical thinking really culture specific? Can the traditional beliefsystems of Asia respond to the challenge of the modern world while stillretaining their distinctive identities? Are Asian philosophy and criticalthinking necessary divergent or possibly convergent? These areverysignificant question not just for Asian cultures, but for understanding howcultures of the world respond to globalization. In addition the questionalso has a bearing on the problematic relation between critical thinkingand the cultural environment in which it happens to be embedded. In this essay, I attempt to argue that critical thinking is not necessarilyincompatible with Asian traditional belief systems. In fact I will showthat both India and China do have their own indigenous traditions oflogical and argumentative thinking; it is just because of certain barriersthat prevent them from further developing such establishments. I willfurther try to show that these traditions can and should be reexamined,reinterpreted and adapted to the contemporary situation. By doing this Iwould seek acknowledgement to the essay question and would provide ananswer to the Western educators who have found no such critical traditionsin the East. Logical Tradition in India and ChinaIt is widely known that India had a highly advanced logical tradition,spanning more than two thousandyears.ThesuccessesofIndianmathematicians and computer programmers are perhaps due to the fact thatlogic and critical thinking have been integral to the Indian way ofthinking since time immemorial. Such integration can also be witnessed inthe fondness of Indians for talking and debating. Tscherbatsky (1962: 31-34) tells us that in the times of Dignaga and Dharmakirti, two of thegreatest Buddhist logicians, the fate of entire monasteries depended onpublic debates. According to Tscherbatsky, Dignaga won his fame and royalsupport through his defeat of the brahmin Sudurjaya at Nalanda Monastery(31-34). In another vein, Matilal (1990: 1-8) argues that the Indian logicaltradition is entirely home grown, since there is no evidence of India beinginfluenced by Aristotelian ideas. Matilal also shows that many topics,which are of interest by contemporary logicians and philosophers today,were discussed and researched into with sophistication by Indian scholars. Such topics include theory of inference, empty names, reference andexistence, perception, knowledge of theexternalworld,substance,causality, and many others (Matilal 1990). Moreover, Tscherbatskys (1962)work, dealing mainly with the works of Dignaga and Dharmakirti illustratesthat India is one of the great logical and philosophical civilizations ofthe world. There are a number of topics that both traditions discovered independentlyof each other. For example, Matilal notes that the counterpart of theAristotelian syllogism is the five-membered argument found in such textsas Caraka and Nyayasutra. Instead of the three propositions found inAristotelian syllogism, the five-membered argument consistsoffivepropositions, the first of which is the conclusion, and the last repeatingwhat is already stated in the first. The remaining three propositions inbetween are the premises. Here is one example of the five-membered argumentcited by Matilal (1990: 5):1. There is fire on this mountain. 2. For, there is smoke there. 3. Smoke goes with fire always (or, in all cases, or in all places):witness, kitchen. 4. This is also a case of smoke. 5. Therefore, there is fire there (on the mountain). Logicians will immediately be able to reconstruct this argument in thefamiliar Aristotelian form as follows:The place on the mountain is a place where there is smoke. A place where there is smoke is a place where there is fire. Therefore, the place on the mountain is a place where there is fire. Matilal, however, notes that there is at least some dissimilarity betweenthe Indian and the Aristotelian argument forms presented here.Forinstance, he says that the conclusion of the Indian argument form is in theform of singular proposition, (i.e., modified by demonstratives likethis or that) whereas that of the Aristotelian syllogism is eitheruniversal or particular (i.e., modified by quantifiers like all orsome). But the dissimilarity here could be amended, as indexicals (termslike this or that which relies on the context of utterance for theirfull meaning) could be dispensed with by supplying the required informationon the context in which they are uttered. Thus it could be safely statedthat the Indian logical tradition fully comprehended the essence, so tospeak, of logic, which is the concept of validity and the basic validargument form. Another of the worlds great civilizations, China, also had its ownindigenous and independent logical tradition. Two of Chinas logicalschools of thought are the Mohists and the Logicians. The former wasfounded by Mo Ti, who lived between 479 to 381 B.C., during the WarringStates period of Chinese history (Ronan 1978: 114). Among the typicalChinese scholars the Mohists are better known for their doctrine ofuniversal love and the condemnation of offensive war rather than theirinterests and achievements in the physical sciences. In the latter Needhamreports that the Mohists went very far towards realizing that the thoughtsystem was in fact a prerequisite for modern science. Most significantly,the Mohists appeared to be in grasp of the concepts of deduction andinduction. They viewed the former as a way of thinking which follows amental model, which guarantees that whoever follows it will never fail tobe right in their thinking. Here is an example of reasoning based onfollowing such mental model:Model thinking consists in following the methods of Nature. What are followed in model-thinking are the methods. Therefore if the methods are truly followed by the model-thinkingliterally: hit in the middle, the reasoning will be correct. But if the methods are not truly followed by the model-thinking, thereasoning will be wrong (Ronan 1978: 119). On the other hand, the Mohists also recognized the value of extensionwhich is a kind of reasoning from the known examples and extend it tounknown cases similar to them:Extension is considering that that which one has not yet receivedi.e. a new phenomenon is identical from the point of view ofclassification with those which one has already received, andadmitting it (Ronan 1978: 119). READ: Teen Suicide EssayIt is clear then that the former is an instance of deductive thinking,while the latter represents the basic idea of inductive thinking. The two most well known representatives of the Logicians are Hui Shih andKungsun Lung. The former is known for his paradoxes resembling that ofZeno, and his writings were designed to shock and to illustrate deeplogical point. For example, Hui Shihs writing that The Heavens are as lowas the Earth; mountains are on the same level as marshes (Ronan 1978: 122)could be regarded as a way of illustrating the fact that, viewed from thecosmic perspective, the sentence written by Hui Shih here is actually true. Other pieces of his writings concern what and how we perceive:Fire is not hot. Eyes do not see (Ronan 1978: 122). These are designed to lead one to think that what is hot in fire may wellnot be in the fire at all, but is located within our tactile perception ofit. And the factor that actually does the seeing is not the eyesthemselves, but the consciousness or whatever that gives rise to theperception. Similarly, according to Needham, Kungsun Lung had a system of logical andparadoxical thinking that could well serve as the foundation of modernscience. The following excerpts show that Kungsun Lung grasped suchconcepts as the universality and unlocalizability of number and universalsand their contrasts with particulars that are their instances. Mostinterestingly, Kungsun Lungs discussion of changes in Nature could wellpoint to modern scientific way of thought:Q: Is it permissible to say that a change is not a change?A: It is. Q: Can right associating itself with something be called change?A: It can. Q: What is it that changes?A: It is right. Q: If right has changed, how can you still call it right? And ifit has not changed, how can you speak of a change?A: Two would have no right if there were no left. Two contains `left-and-right. A ram added to an ox is not a horse. An ox added to a ramis not a fowl (Ronan 1978: 121-122). Here one finds a discussion of the unchangeability of universals and theirdistinction from particulars. One thing, A, located to the right of anotherthing, B, would form two things, A-and-B. This thing, A-and-B would undergoa change if A happens to move to the left of B. What are changed here arethe relation between A and B. However, the Right itself is changeless, eventhough the particulars forming right or left relation to each other do. Thus, a ram added to an ox would still be two animals, and wont becomeeither a horse or a fowl. The changelessness of universals is a differentmatter altogether from the mutability of particular things. Kungsun Lungswriting here reminds us of Western medieval treatises on logic and theproblem of universals, such as those of Abelard or Duns Scotus. No matter how similar or different these Asian writings on logic andphilosophy are from those of Europe, it is certain that both India andChina do indeed have rigorous and profound systems of logic and criticalthinking, systems which could well form a launching pad for advancedscientific research and innovation that actually took place in the West. Thus Atkinsons argument that critical thinking is culturally specific tothe West is clearly not borne out by historical facts and thus is mistaken. However, when we look at the situations in the Asian countries today,especially in Thailand whose cultural tradition is mostly influenced byBuddhism, which originated within the Indian philosophical and religiousmilieu, Atkinson seems to be right in that there is a felt need forteaching Thai students to be able to think critically. McGuire (2000)argues that there is a need to teach critical thinking and that criticalthinking can be taught to Asian students because it does not necessarily goagainst the grain of local cultures and contains universal elements thatany local culture can find acceptable. If critical thinking is alreadythere in these cultural traditions, then why are there concerns forintroducing it to them? Something must have happened to these culturaltraditions so that there feels a need to bring in the skills and practicesof critical thinking from outside. Or is it really the need to reintroduceand to reestablish these traditions with something which is clearly theirown , but is somehow lost?1901Needhams Grand Question and Fullers InterpretationAn adequate investigation into what actually may have caused the decline ofthe logical traditions in India or China would comprise one thick book. However, I believe that a glimpse toward an answer could be found if wecompare the dominant positions in the two civilizations with the logicaltraditions. In India, the logical schools, Nyaya, Mimamsa, together withthe Buddhist logic and dialectic schools of Dignaga, Dharmakirti andNagarjuna never gained the supreme control when compared to the othertraditions such as the Vedanta. Personally, I think that this may be due tothe fact that the teachings of the logical schools were limited to themonks or brahmins who practiced them. And when the logical tradition had tocompete with other traditions that could garner more popular appeal, it isquite conceivable that the remote logical schools would lose support. Perhaps in India the tradition of logical and critical thinking was limitedto the highly educated class in such a way that the general population knewnothing of it, and this could be one explanation, as to why modernscientific thinking did not develop in India. For science to develop, theremust be a tendency toward a full understanding of all of Nature through afew general laws that could be learned and understood by anyone. The methodof learning such laws must be such that no one is excluded from studyingexcept through his own intellectual capabilities. In China, Needham suggests that the reasons for modern sciences lack ofdevelopment are due to historical, economic, social and cultural factors(Needham 1969: 190-217). Needham rightly dismisses the interpretation ofEuropes eventual mastery of modern scientific techniques in geographicalor racial beliefs. The scientific and mathematical achievements in bothIndia and China during the ancient and medieval periods is so great that itis hardly conceivable at all to think of Europes success in terms of herdestiny or superior level of advancement as propagated by the Hegeliantradition. On the other hand, Needham seems to believe that it is more amatter of luck that Europe could eventually mastered the arts of modernscience and became dominant. Needham writes:The further I penetrate into the detailed history of the achievementsof Chinese science and technology before the time when, like all otherethnic cultural rivers, they flowed into the river of modern science,the more convinced I become that the cause for the break-throughoccurring only in Europe was connected with the special social,intellectual and economic conditions prevailingthereattheRenaissance, and can never be explained by any deficiencies either ofthe Chinese mind or of the Chinese intellectual and philosophicaltradition. In many ways this was much more congruent with modernscience than was the world-outlook of Christendom (Needham 1969: 191). The special social, intellectual and economic conditions that explainEuropes success are nowhere necessarily attached to thehistoricaldevelopment of Europe. They seem only to be those that Europeans adopted,consciously or not, in response to their historical, social, and mercantileneeds. Those needs apparently were not in the minds of Indians or Chinese,whose priorities for their civilization as a whole seemed to be somethingelse. Thus, instead of looking for a unifying theory capable of explainingand predicting natural phenomenon so that men could harness the power ofNature to their own material needs as well as feel a sense of mastery whenNature is thus comprehended, Indians and Chinese chose to put the ideals oftheir civilizations in another way. The summum bonum of the Indian philosophical tradition, attainment ofMoksha or Liberation, is quite contrary to the ideals and assumptions ofmodern scientific thinking. Instead of looking for the way to free oneselffrom the endless cycle of rebirths throughstrictself-discipline,Europeans sought to advance their own self-interests that are more inclinedto the ordinary. In China, the rapid transformation from feudalism to statebureaucratism, coupled with the influence of the Confucian ethos, whilehugely successful in preserving Chinas cultural identity amidst the greatvariety of people and localities, nonetheless made it the case thatmaterial innovations and proto-scientific and logical theories would begiven little attention. Writings on such matters are referred to the`Miscellaneous category by the mandarin scholars who put the highestpriority to moralistic, ethical, or historical writings (Ronan 1978: 19)This interpretation, which is focused on the contingent character of therise of modern science in Europe, is regarded by Steve Fuller as the underdeterminist one. According to Fuller, the reason why China did not developmodern science was that it was not specifically promoted (Fuller 1997: 80-88). He contrasts this with the over determinist modethe kind ofexplanation that seeks to explain the lack of progress of modern sciencethrough the idea that it was specifically prevented from occurring. Thus,according to the former outlook, the reason science did not develop inChina was because historical, social, economic conditions were such thatthey were simply incompatible with its rise. I think this could be due tothe Chinese not putting a high priority on things scientific. On the otherhand, the over determinist would assume that science is part of a culturesdestiny which would materialize anyway if the circumstances were favorable. However, in the case of China these circumstances were not favorable,blocking sciences potential development. To viewthehistoryanddevelopment of science in the latter mode would mean that science is anecessary part of a cultures path of development, which is the same forall cultures. A culture in which science successfully develops is thusviewed as more advanced than another where the development of science issomehow stinted. On the other hand, the under determinist would argue thatsuch a picture of each cultural entity racing along the same path smellstoo much of teleology and Gods design to be tenable. Instead of soviewing, each culture should be regarded as having its own path notnecessarily shared with others. Since critical thinking and modern scientific thinking are closely related,discussions of the historical rise of science in various cultures aredirectly related to our investigation of whether critical thinking iscompatible with the major Asian cultural traditions. Discussions on therise of modern science seem to enable us to see how the tradition ofcritical thinking arose and how they were promoted or discouraged. If theunder determinist mode of interpretation is accepted, then the lack ofcritical thinking tradition in Asia could be explained by the fact thatsomehow members of these traditions decided not to go put critical thinkinghigh on their list of priorities, despite the fact that critical thinkingskills could be found deep within the traditions themselves. READ: Ambition in Macbeth examples Essay1034Asian Philosophy and Critical Thinking: Divergence or Convergence?Hence, the values typically associated with Asian culture such as socialharmony and deference to the elders and teachers are thus seen asconsequences of the cultures deciding to put a certain set of prioritiesabove others. Social harmony was instrumental in bringing about thecultural unity that is the most distinctive characteristic of Chineseculture. It is valued above most other types of values because it goes handin hand with social stability, whose alternative is perceived as chaos andgeneral burden of social structure. The prioritization of social harmonycan also be seen in other Asian cultures such as the Thai one, and resultsin Thais trying as far as they possibly can to avoid open conflicts anddisagreements. In the case of China, since all the elements that couldbring about the rise of modern science were in place, it is quite clearthat the Chinese culture actually chose not to go along the path taken bythe Europeans. The decision made by a culture to adopt a particular systemof beliefs and practices certainly did not happen suddenly, as if at oneparticular moment of history, members of a culture had a meeting anddeclared their cultures adoption of this or that set. The decisionoccurred gradually throughout the historical development of a culture, andcan be seen in China adopting Confucianism ratherthanthemorematerialistic and scientifically inclined Taoism and Mohism, and in Indiaadopting the more mystical doctrine emphasizing the role of meditation andprivate insights rather than publicly demonstrable methods of knowing. Ithink that reasons for such decision are enormously complicated, but it ishardly conceivable that China was somehow destined to lag behind Europe inthe science race due to factors they could not control. This may be taken to show that critical thinking and Asian thought aredivergent. If the Asian cultures chose not to go along the path wherecritical thinking is one milestone, then both do not seem to go with eachother, and Atkinson may be vindicated when he argues that critical thinkingis a part of Western culture only. If the Asian cultures prioritize sets ofvalues which are incompatible with critical thinking, and if they freelychose those sets over the set adopted by Europeans for whatever reasons,then it appears that critical thinking would belong to European cultureonly, and to adopt it to Asian cultures would be the same as to importingforeign ideas and practices to alien lands. Thus, Atkinsons argument seemsto fit well with the under determinist position. This line of reasoning, however, would be valid only if a culture decidedas its own set of priorities at one time will always remain so for allother times. If the Thai culture, for example, once decided that socialharmony should take precedence over critical argumentation andopendebates, then critical thinking practices would be forever alien to them. But that is surely a very unreasonable position to take. Cultures, likehumans, often make decisions that later are amended or revoked with newdecisions made; when things are not the same any longer. Decisions toprioritize one set of values over another are not etched in stone, but evenso the stone can be broken down or else taken to a museum or a pedestalwhere it loses its real meaning. Decisions at one time reflect thecircumstances normal at that particular time, and to stick onto pastdecisions with no plan of adapting or making new decisions in response tochanging circumstances would make the culture frozen and unabletoparticipate. Opting not to correct their past decisions, a culture would ineffect be telling the world that it is constructing a wall around itself,giving nothing to the world and receiving nothing. However, sociologicaland economic conditions of the current world do not permit such a scenariofrom happening. Cultures need to change themselves, not merely to survive,b ut to prosper and to permit better lives for their members. Consequently, Asian cultures and critical thinking are divergent only ifthe former opt not to correct their decisions. But since we are talkingonly about decisions, then it is not difficult at all to suggest thatcultures would make new decisions in response to changing times. Doing sowould make the two more convergent. Hence, the divergence and convergence,after all, depend on what decisions a culture makes. There is nothingnecessarily attached to a cultures path along history that makes itessentially divergent or convergent from the modern critical thinkingtradition, or from any tradition for that matter. Since the philosophy of aculture is but an abstract and theoretical expression and justification ofthe cultures decision to choose one set of priorities over another, Asianphilosophy and critical thinking are neither necessarily divergent nornecessarily convergent. ConclusionAny attempt to introduce, or we should say to bring back critical thinkingpractices to the cultures of Asia would, therefore, begin within thecultures themselves. This is in line with the under determinist idea thateach culture has its own peculiar development path which is not necessarilyshared with others. The mission of spreading the truth of one culture toanother is a misplaced. One that apart from sounding patronizing, issomething the current morality cannot accept. Thus the first step in suchan attempt must consist of a series of arguments designed to show to mostmembers of the culture where critical thinking is to be introduced, thatcritical thinking is really good. However to do that would at least requirelarge amounts of explanations, something that is definitely out of scope ofthis present essay. Besides, to argue that critical thinking is actually agood thing to have is difficult, because it may run counter to the deeplyestablished belief that critical thinking i s just a label fortheconfrontational mode of life that the culture finds unpleasantanddifficult to accept. Though the task is difficult, I believe that it is unavoidable. As aninsider of my own Chinese cultural tradition, I am trying to convince themembers of my culture of the value of critical thinking and its importantrole in educating citizens for the increasingly globalized world of todayand tomorrow. An important part of my argument for combining criticalthinking and its belief systems to the Chinese culture is the idea thatpeople should view the elements of their culture which could present themost serious obstacles to critical thinking as benign fiction. That is,elements such as respect of the elders and the belief in social ranking andso on should be viewed in the same way as a modern person views his or herown traditional customs and ceremonies. One is in a sense a part of theculture where the ceremonies happen, but in another sense detached from it. This is because he knows himself only to serve a certain function in theculture, and in addition, knowledge of other cultures enables furtherdetachment from his own customs and ceremonies. Such an argument would naturally require a lot more space and time than isavailable here. What I hope to have accomplished in this essay, however, ismuch more modest. It is, as we have seen, an argument that Asian philosophyand Asian thought in general do not necessarily conflict with criticalthinking and its presuppositions. Furthermore, it is the influential makingof decisions throughout the history of each culture itself, which, Ibelieve, is flexible and adaptive enough to effect important changes forthe future. 1065BibliographyAtkinson, D. 1997. A Critical Approach to Critical Thinking. TESOLQuarterly 31, 71-94. Blair, J. Anthony and Ralph H. Johnson. 1991. Misconceptions of InformalLogic: A Reply to McPeck. Teaching Philosophy 14.1, 35-52. Davidson, Bruce. 1995. Critical Thinking Education Faces the Challenge ofJapan. Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 14.3, 31 pars.,http://www.shss.montclair.edu/inquiry/spr95/davidson.html. Fuller, Steve. 1997. Science. Birmingham: Open UP. Hatcher, Donald. 1995a. Critical Thinking and Epistemic Obligations. Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines 14.3, 38 pars.,http://www.shss.montclair.edu/inquiry/spr95/hatcher2.html. Hatcher, Donald. 1995b. Should Anti-Realists Teach Critical Thinking?. Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines 14.4, 21 pars.,http://www.shss.montclair.edu/inquiry/summ95/hatcher.html. Hongladarom, Soraj. 1998a. Critical Thinking and the Realism/Anti-RealismDebate, http://pioneer.chula.ac.th/~hsoraj/web/CT.html. Hongladarom, Soraj. 1998b. Humanistic Education in Todays and TomorrowsWorld. Manusya: Journal of Humanities, 1 (forthcoming). Hostetler, Karl. 1991. Community and Neutrality in Critical Thought: ANonobjectivist View on the Conduct and Teaching of Critical Thinking. Educational Theory, 41.1, 1-12. Matilal, Bimal Krishna. 1990. Logic, Language and Reality: IndianPhilosophy and Contemporary Issues. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. McGuire, John. 1998. Is Critical Thinking Cultural Thinking?. Unpublishedms. McPeck, John E. 1991. What is Learned in Informal Logic?, TeachingPhilosophy, 14.1, 25-34. Needham, Joseph. 1969. The Grand Titration: Science and Society in East andWest. London: Allen Unwin. Paul, Richard. 1993. Critical Thinking: What Every Person Needs to Survivein a Rapidly Changing World. Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for CriticalThinking. Ronan, Colin A. 1978. The Shorter Science and Civilization in China: AnAbridgement of Needhams Original Text. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Sutton, Robert. 1995. Realism and Other Philosophical Mantras. Inquiry:Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 14.4, 18 pars.,http://www.shss.montclair.edu/inquiry/summ95/sutton.html. Tscherbatsky, F. Th. 1962. Buddhist Logic. New York: Dover. References1 The literature on the nature and definitions of critical thinking areenormous. Probably the most intense debate among critical thinking expertscenters on the question whether critical thinking can be a separateautonomous academic disciplines dealing with the general form of thinkingto be applied by students in all of their academic areas. Or whether it isnot autonomous at all, but should always be part of important academicdisciplines. However, I believe that these debates giveuslittleunderstanding of what critical thinking should be. For critical thinkingwould be nothing if not applied to real cases, and the study of it wouldnot be totally effective if the skills and theories unique to it were notabstracted and studied on their own. The other debates focuses on thenature of critical thinking, or the meaning of critical thinking itself. Richard Paul (1993) provides a definition that no one can gainsay: Criticalthinking is the kind of thinking one thinks of ones thinking in order tomake ones thinking better. Hatcher (1995a; 1995b) calls for the kind ofcritical thinking that is based on the so-called epistemological realistposition this is contrasted by Sutton (1995) and Hostetler (1991), whoargue that critical thinking is more amenable to the anti-realist position. Whatever it is, there is still no correct definition concerning the truemeaning of critical thinking.