What Is the Kennewick Man Controversy About

The Kennewick Man news story is one of the most important archaeology stories of modern times. The discovery of Kennewick Man, the vast amount of public confusion over what he represents, the Federal governments attempt to settle the case out of court, the suit pressed by scientists, the objections raised by the Native American community, the rulings of the court and, eventually, the analysis of the remains; all of these issues have affected how scientists, Native Americans, and the Federal governmental bodies conduct work and how that work is scrutinized by the public.This series was begun in 1998, after the news program Sixty Minutes broke the story in a 12-minute segment. Normally, twelve minutes is generous for an archaeology story, but this is not a normal archaeology story. The Discovery of Kennewick Man In 1996, there was a boat race on the Columbia River, near Kennewick, in Washington State, in the extreme northwestern United States. Two fans pulled ashore to get a good viewpoint of the race, and, in the shallow water at the edge of the bank, they found a human skull. They took the skull to the county coroner, who passed it to archaeologist James Chatters. Chatters and others went to the Columbia and retrieved a nearly complete human skeleton, with a long, narrow face suggestive of a person of European descent. But the skeleton was confusing to Chatters; he noticed that the teeth had no cavities and for a 40-50-year-old man (the most recent studies  suggest he was in his thirties), the teeth were extremely ground down. Cavities are the result of a corn-based (or sugar-enhanced) diet; grinding damage usually results from grit in the diet. Most modern people dont have grit in their food  but do consume sugar in some form and so do have cavities. And Chatters spotted a projectile point embedded in his right pelvis, a Cascade point, normally dated between 5,000 and 9,000 years before the present. It was clear that the point had been there while the individual was alive; the lesion in the bone had partially healed. Chatters sent off a bit of the bone to be ​radiocarbon dated. Imagine his astonishment when he received the radiocarbon date as over 9,000 years ago.That stretch of the Columbia River is maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers; that same stretch of the river is considered by the Umatilla tribe (and five others) as part of their traditional homeland. According to the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act, signed into law by President George H. W. Bush in 1990, if human remains are found on federal lands and their cultural affiliation can be established, the bones must be returned to the affiliated tribe. The Umatillas  made a formal claim to the bones; the Army Corps agreed with their claim and began the process of repa triation.   Unresolved Questions But the Kennewick man problem isnt that simple; he represents a part of a problem which archaeologists have yet to solve. For the past thirty years or so, weve believed that the peopling of the American continent took place around 12,000 years ago, in three separate waves, from three separate parts of the world. But recent evidence has begun to indicate a vastly more complicated settlement pattern, a steady influx of small groups from different parts of the world, and probably somewhat earlier than we had assumed. Some of these groups lived, some may have died out. We just dont know and Kennewick Man was considered too important a piece of the puzzle for archaeologists to let him go unanalyzed without a fight. Eight scientists sued for the right to study the Kennewick materials prior to their reburial. In September 1998, a judgment was reached, and the bones were sent to a Seattle museum on Friday, October 30th, to be studied. That wasnt the end of it of course. It took a protracted legal debate until researchers were allowed access to the Kennewick Man materials in 2005, and results finally began to reach the public in 2006.br/>The political battles over the Kennewick man were framed in a large part by people who want to know to what race he belongs. Yet, the evidence reflected in the Kennewick materials is further proof that race is not what we think it is. The Kennewick man  and most of the Paleo-Indian and archaic human skeletal materials that weve found to date are not Indian, nor are they European. They dont fit into ANY category that we define as a race. Those terms are meaningless in prehistory as long ago as 9,000 years--and in fact, if you want to know the truth, there are NO clearcut scientific definitions of race.

Why Do Termites Follow Ink Trails

Ballpoint pen manufacturers dont seem keen on advertising a little known but well-documented feature of their products: the ink from these pens attracts termites! Draw a line with a ballpoint pen, and termites will blindly—literally, blindly—follow it across the page. Why? Heres a look at the science behind this odd phenomenon. How Termites See the World Termites are social insects. They live in colonies in which individual termites perform specific roles to benefit the community. Like ants and honey bees, social termites must communicate with other members of the colony to share important information. However, nearly all termites are blind and deaf, so how do they communicate with each other? The answer is they use natural chemical scents called pheromones. Pheromones have chemical signals that relay information. Termites secrete these communication compounds from special glands on their bodies and detect pheromones through the use of chemoreceptors on their antennae. Termites produce different pheromones for different purposes: to find mates, to warn other colony members of danger, to determine which termites belong to the colony and which dont, to direct foraging activities, and to locate food sources. When blind termite workers wander out into the world, they need a way to let the other termites know where they are going, and they also need something to mark the way back. Trail pheromones are chemical markers that lead termites along a path to food and help them return to the colony once theyve found it. Termite workers following trail pheromones march along the designated path, sniffing their way forward with their antennae. Why Termites Follow Ink Trails Termites occasionally follow trails that arent produced by other termites if the substance contains compounds that mimic trail pheromones. Certain fatty acids and alcohols seem to confuse traveling termites, for example. Quite by accident (presumably), the makers of Papermate ® pens have managed to produce an ink that reliably mimics a termite trail pheromone. Draw a circle, line, or even a figure eight with one of these magic termite-magnet pens, and the termites will march along with your doodle with their antennae to the paper.​ Using gas chromatography, scientists have isolated a substance called 2-phenoxyethanol, a volatile compound that functions as a drying agent in the ink of certain ballpoint pens, and identified it as the likely termite attractant. However, 2-phenoxyethanol isnt present in all types of ink. Termites arent inclined to follow trails of black or red ink, nor do they traipse along lines drawn with felt-tip pens or rollerball pens. Termites are brand loyal consumers as well. Their marked preference is for blue ink pens made by Papermate ® and Bic ® Termite Ink Trails in the Classroom Using ink trails is an entertaining and instructive way for students to explore termite behavior and to investigate how pheromones work. The Termite Trails lab has become a standard inquiry activity in many science classrooms. If youre a teacher interested in trying the Termite Trails lab,  sample lesson plans and resources are readily available online.

Experiences at Caribbean Union College-Personal Narrative...

Experiences at Caribbean Union College-Personal Narrative Leaving home to study at Caribbean union college gave me several positive and negative experiences I will never forget. I arrived in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on the 6th of September 2001.from there I had a long drive from the Piarco International airport to maracas valley, st. Joseph. On arrival, students from several parts of the world greeted me. It was from there on I had several experiences. Firstly, after coming to Caribbean Union College, I have been able to become a more responsible person. As a matter of fact, I have been able to wash and iron for myself. Secondly, since this institution is a religious one, I have become a more spiritual person, so†¦show more content†¦About three weeks after I started the program, I lost ten pounds (10lbs). I was so impressed that I am presently thinking of playing football, in which I think I will burn more fat. My clothing fits me better, and most of all, I feel healthier and I move around easier. Just attending college my self-esteem has increased and I am looking towards the future, where I plan to open my own trucking and construction company. I also plan to franchise it throughout the Caribbean in time to come. While I have had several positive and negative experiences at Caribbean Union College, I have also had several ones. Firstly, living in the dormitory is very irritating and challenging for me, because its physical appearance is very poor. Just to mention one of many problems, termites are presently eating away the wardrobe and cupboards, wood ants in the roof and sleeping on very thin mattresses. In addition to that, since living here, I have lost contact with my television programs, because the senior dorm students are always in the television room. Another thing is that everyday both morning and evenings; I have to go to worship, and what makes me feel uncomfortable is to sign an attendance slip, which to me, is forcing people to go to worship. However, the thing that irritates me the most is the unhealthy way I have to wake up in the mornings, the Chaplin gets up very early and goes and talks on the PA system andShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswhat we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. 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The United States Economy Recession Policy Recommendations

The United States economy: Recession policy recommendations According to classical Keynesian theory, the best way to deal with a recession is for the government to spend at a deficit to stimulate demand. Waiting for the business cycle to rectify itself, at least during a very severe economic downturn, shows little understanding of real world economic and psychological wisdom. When people are worried about losing their jobs, they spend less and hide money under the mattress. They do not buy consumer goods, borrow money, or begin new enterprises (Chapter 4, 2013). As a result of this contraction in demand, employers likewise begin to cut back on production and only try to sell their unsold inventory. Eventually, they have to let workers go. Keynes suggested that by spending money through public work projects, the government could temporarily assume the role of private industry by providing jobs (Chapter 4, 2013). It is a mistake to assume that Keynes believed that government intervention was always good. Rather, he believed that government intervention was sometimes necessary to correct the ebbs and flows of the business cycle. The government, according to Keynes should spend at a deficit and have a surplus or a balanced budget during times of prosperity. Despite the fact that the U.S. currently harbors a deficit, Keynesian policy should not be viewed as irresponsible. By stimulating the economy, eventually tax revenue will be boosted and the U.S. will be able toShow MoreRelatedEconomic Critique1396 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Critique University of Phoenix ECO371 January 21, 2013 Economic Critique Currently, our country is in a recession, and the unemployment rate is at an all-time high. The unemployment rate consists of people not only out of work but also those who can work and are actively looking for work (Colander, 2010). 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CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................ INTRODUCTION Our country is currently in an election year, both parties are far apart on the best path for our economy. The British voters decided to exit the European Union, a change that will have an impact on global economies with the full effect of this decision still unknown. Read MoreAnalyzing The Current And Future Economic Status Of Ohio1276 Words   |  6 Pagesdefine recession and depression in order to put these matters in the right perspective. 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Demand Curve free essay sample

Determining the demand for a product is often the responsibility of the strategic marketer. (a) Define and describe the â€Å"demand curve†. (b) Assess what information may be helpful to the strategic marketer in order to determine demand. (c) Discuss the factors that may create a fluctuation in demand. The demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at that given price. It is a graphic representation of a demand schedule. The demand curve for all consumers together follows from the demand curve of every individual consumer: the individual demands at each price are added together. Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in competitive markets, and are often combined with supply curves to estimate the equilibrium price (the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the same amount as buyers together are willing to buy, also known as market clearing price) and the equilibrium quantity (the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus/excess supply or shortage/excess demand) of that market. In a monopolistic market, the demand curve facing the monopolist is simply the market demand curve. According to convention, the demand curve is drawn with price on the vertical (y) axis and quantity on the horizontal (x) axis. The function actually plotted is the inverse demand function. The demand curve usually slopes downwards from left to right; that is, it has a negative association. The negative slope is often referred to as the law of demand, which means people will buy more of a service, product, or resource as its price falls. The demand curve is related to the marginal utility curve, since the price one is willing to pay depends on the utility. However, the demand directly depends on the income of an individual while the utility does not. Thus it may change indirectly due to change in demand for other commodities. Information to determine demand Levels of income A key determinant of demand is the level of income evident in the appropriate country or region under analysis. As a generality, the higher the level of aggregate and/or personal income the higher the demand for a typical commodity, including forest products. More of a good or service will be hosen at a given price where income is higher. Thus determinants of demand normally utilize some form of income measure, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Population Population is of course a key determinant of demand. Although all forest products do not necessarily enter final consumer markets, the actual markets are largely presumed to be functionally related to population. Growing populations are positively correlated to timber demands in the aggregate, as well as specifically to individual forest products. Frequently, population and income estimators are combined, as in the case of the use of Gross Domestic Product per capita. End market indicators The use of end market indicators as determinants of demand is frequently incorporated into demand analysis. For example, much of the final use of forest products is linked to construction (residential and total). Indicators and trends related to construction activities, or which are determinants of construction, provide indirect estimates of the influence of these activities as the source of derived demand for wood. Housing starts, public investments, interest rates, etc. can be highly correlated to timber demand. Availability and price of substitute goods Consumption choices related to timber are also influenced by the alternative options facing users in the relevant marketplace. The availability of potential substitute products, and their prices, weigh heavily in determining the elasticity of demand, both in the short run (static) sense and over time (long run). Fuelwood, as a dominant use of timber in the Asia Pacific Region, reflects conditions of very limited options for energy sources at reasonable prices. Rural low income or subsistence populations simply do not have options regarding energy they use wood or go without. Demand, at this basic level, in almost perfectly inelastic. The cost (if only implicit in terms of gathering time) does not materially affect consumption quantity. Suitability of alternative goods and services is, in part, a question of knowledge as well as availability. Market information regarding alternative products, quality, convenience, and dependability all influence choices. Under conditions of increased scarcity and rising prices for tropical hardwood panels, for example, users have a positive incentive to search for and investigate the suitability of alternatives that were previously overlooked or ignored. Tastes and preferences All markets are shaped by collective and individual tastes and preferences. These patterns are partly shaped by culture and partly implanted by information and knowledge of products and services (including the influence of advertising). Different societies use forest products differently because of these differences in taste and preferences. For example, markets for wood products in Japan are commonly recognized as requiring very high product quality standards, the importance of visual attributes of wood, and other preferences not commonly found in many other markets. Factors that may create a fluctuation in demand Innumerable factors and circumstances could affect a buyers willingness or ability to buy a good. Some of the more common factors are: * Changes in Prices of Related Goods: Think about items that go together, or are Complements for each other. If the price of either product changes it affects the other product. An example might be peanut butter and jelly. Assuming most people eat PB and jelly together. What happens if the price of PB increases? If you like PB and jelly together, then you are now going to purchase less jelly. Not because you like either product any less, but only because you aren’t buying as much of one so you don’t need as much of the other. Another example might be steak and chicken, these things are usually considered to be Substitutes; meaning that they replace each other. So if the price of chicken goes down, then people buy more chicken and less steak†¦ simply because it’s cheaper not because you like steak any less. Nothing happened to steak, it still costs the same amount, only now the other option is cheaper so people buy less. In this example you would move along the Demand Curve for chicken (because the price changed) and you would shift the Demand Curve for steak to the left because your desire to purchase steak decreased. Changes in Income and Wealth: Changes in Income or Wealth cause your demand to change. Think about all the junk you eat now because it’s cheap, Mac ‘n Cheese, Ramen Noodles, $1 menu items at McDonalds, etc†¦. If you were offered a job tomorrow making $100,000 a year what would you buy when you went grocery shopping; are you still going to buy as much Mac ‘n Cheese and Ramen Noodles? For most people the answer is no, you are going to spend less money on these items despite the fact that you have more money overall to spend. In this case, Mac n Cheese would be an Inferior Good. Inferior Goods are goods you buy less of when you have more money. Inferior Goods are goods you buy because you can’t afford the things you really want. Some people may say that they really, really like Ramen Noodles. For those people, they would probably purchase more if their income increased. For those people Ramen would be considered a Normal Good. A Normal Good is something you buy more of as your income increases. Note: At this point we do need to make the distinction between Wealth and Income. Income is the amount of money your paycheck is for; while wealth is all the other money you have. If you win the lottery and quit your job, then you have no income but a great amount of wealth. Either one of these will cause your demand to change, but it is important to know the difference between the two for later in the course. Changes in Tastes and Fads: People have changes in taste all the time. Look at fashion, would you still be willing to buy the same clothes you bought 10 years ago? If you would be willing to, are you still willing to pay the prices you paid then? As peoples tastes change it changes how much they are willing to spend, pushing that Demand Curve either to the right (they are willing to pay more and/or purchase more) or pull it to the left (they aren’t going to spend as much money on this product and don’t want as much of it). Changes in Expectations: Expectation is what you think will happen tomorrow. For example those students who have student loans are spending money now, because they anticipate an education will earn them more future income. They have the expectation that they will get a higher paying job, this higher paying job will allow them to afford the higher loan payments and still end up with more disposable income than they would have earned without schooling. They have no problem spending thousands of dollars a year now, despite the fact that they don’t have that kind of money. In Graduate School, the expectation is that you will make more money†¦ so you are willing to spend more money by taking out more loans, and purchasing more courses.

Favorite Pet free essay sample

Humans have made pets of animals for thousands of years. From something as common as a cat to something as exotic as a lion, history has shown that humans have kept such animals as pets. However, there is one animal that stands out above the rest. Time after time, dogs have proven themselves to be loyal, protective and loving companions. This is why they make the best pet to adopt. The first reason why dogs make the best pets to adopt is because of their loyalty to their owner. They have been know to wait for years for their master to return. That kind of loyalty touches the heart deep down inside. If only humans could be that loyal. Unless they have been severely mistreated, it is almost impossible to get a dog to turn against his master. Again, this elevates the dog above many humans. Wives have been know to turn against their husbands, husbands against their wives and children against their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Favorite Pet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dogs are truly loyal creatures. The second reason why a dog is the best pet to adopt is because they are protective. There are many instances of dogs rushing to defend their owners against attackers. Sometimes they do this at the cost of their own lives. I wonder how many people would as willingly risk their life for another human being. Dogs are routinely used to protect property, being made to stay outside in all kinds of weather just to do that job. Even people who dont like dogs very much will use them for this purpose. I think this is pretty awful. The final reason why a dog is the best pet to adopt is because dogs are loving companions. Dogs dont have dad moods. You never have to worry when you come through the door at the end of a hard day if your dog is going to be happy to see you! Of course he is! Dont you wish all people were like that? Many books and articles have been written on how a dogs love can restore a persons health and bring back their will to live. In my life, there have been many times when the comfort of my dogs love meant very much to me. Dogs seem to have a way of understanding you and somehow sharing your burdens and sorrows. They are equally adept at sharing your happiness and can make a good day even brighter. There are millions of dogs and cats that sit in shelters waiting for some person to come take them home every day of the week. Millions more are euthanized due to a lack of space or funding in the shelter each year. While many people may feel that a pure-bred animal with papers is the only way to get a good dog or cat, this is completely untrue. There are millions of deserving animals that just want a home and family. While it may seem that there are disadvantages to adopting a pet from a shelter, the benefits far outweigh any negatives to adopting an animal. One of the biggest benefits of adopting a shelter animal is that the fee to adopt the pet is far less than anything a breeder or pet store will charge. Many shelters offer their pets for minimal fees in order to facilitate adoption. In addition, the animals will generally come with a microchip already imbedded as well as have already been altered. These are two costs that you will not have to incur after taking your dog home. Pets from shelters also come with all of their shots and have been de-wormed, something that frequently cant be said for pet shop animals. Another huge benefit of adopting a pet from a shelter is that mature animals are available. By adopting a mature pet, your family doesnt have to go through extremely destructive phase of chewing or housebreaking, in many cases. Another advantage is that the dog or cat is full grown. If your family with limited space available, it is a good idea to adopt a full-grown pet rather than a puppy because the dog wont grow anymore. The dog or cats temperament is also already known at the time of adoption. This is very important, particularly for you because you will have your dog will be around your children a lot. Dogs have proven themselves time after time to be loyal, loving, and protective animals therefore making them the best pets to adopt and to have around your family. They will be loyal, loving, and protective even to your children.